Qualitative Research Review of the Use of Patient...

Problem and Purpose Powell-Laney clearly identified the purpose of the study along with identifying the reason for the study. According to Powell-Laney (2010) there is a lack of evidence to support the use of simulation technology to teach clinical decision-making in nursing students thus Powell-Laney designed a study to ascertain whether the use of simulation technology in nursing education can increase the clinical decision making ability of nursing students (p. 6). Furthermore, Powell-Laney (2010) states that simulation technology is expensive and labor intensive thus adding to the need for current research to be done on the effectiveness of simulation technology in nursing education. Review of the Literature Simulation technology is†¦show more content†¦44). Powell-Laney (2010) was also an instructor at one of the state’s practical nursing program but she did not allow that school to participate in the study further removing possible bias from the study (p. 45). The sample size was 133 students from four different schools and of five different nursing classes (Powell-Laney, 2010). I think that the sample size is sufficient for the purpose of this study. Using different school in this study and using participants that were in different classes also adds strength to this study (LoBiondo-Wood, 2014). Research Methodology Powell-Laney’s research methodology is explained well and has a clear list of operational definitions to help with understanding of the research methodology. A strength of Powell-Laney’s study is that she compared her study formation and data measurement techniques to those of studies that were done previously. Powell-Laney (2010) explained that it was advocated to use pre and posttests whenever sample groups can be randomly selected into two groups and each group could be given a different treatment (p. 37). Powell-Laney used the pre and posttest method so that participant’s scores could be compared to themselves. Expert nurses reviewed the content, congruency, and test construction of the pre and posttests that Powell-Laney (2010) developed. These tests were piloted to a group of 30 nursing students at a nonparticipating nursing school over a three-month period.Show MoreRelatedSimulation-Based Nursing Education Is An Increasingly Popular1361 Words   |  6 Pa gesSimulation-based nursing education is an increasingly popular academic approach. Structured facilitated debriefing is an important strategy to engage students in learning and is essential in simulation training. Further research is warranted to fully understand the impact of the method in nurse education. It provides students with opportunities to practice their clinical and decision-making skills through various real-life situational experiences. However, simulation approaches fall along a scaleRead MoreA Personal Statement about My Knowledge and Valuable Practical Skills as a Nurse Educator1901 Words   |  8 PagesThrough my practicum experience involving the triage system, instruction of clinical nursing, and creation, implementation, and evaluation of triage scenarios at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Emergency department, I developed useful knowledge and gained valuable and practical skills that helped to build a strong foundation for myself as a nurse e ducator. The following discussion details my practicum experience with regards to what could be considered the highlights or most importantRead MoreDevelopment Of The Orientation Process For New Registered Nurses Essay2789 Words   |  12 PagesRegistered Nurses entering into the emergency department, are lacking experience to high acuity, and very sick patients with cardiac, stroke, trauma, sepsis, and pediatric emergencies. 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Essay about The Downfall of Oedipus - 550 Words

Oedipus Rex by Sophocles is regarded as a very highly studied Greek play. Even though it was written almost 2500 years ago, it is still widely studied by both students and scholars alike. Oedipus Rex has passed the test of time, because people today can still relate to the themes and feelings experienced by Oedipus in the play. One of the main themes is the downfall of Oedipus and what the cause of this downfall is. The main plot of Oedipus was well known to the Ancient Greeks before it was even written by Sophocles. When Oedipus was born, King Laius and Queen Jocasta received a prophecy about their son (Oedipus Rex 49). It was claimed that Oedipus would kill his father and marry his mother. To try to prevent this prophecy they gave†¦show more content†¦This man runs him off the road and Oedipus is outraged. As a result, Oedipus kills this unknown man and continues on his way. He arrives in Thebes where he is welcomed as a hero for destroying the Sphinx who was killin g travelers on the road. He learns the news that the king of Thebes has recently been killed by a band of thieves. He marries the Queen and raises a family of two sons and two daughters, until fifteen years later, a plague infects the city. As the King of the country the people of Thebes look to Oedipus to fix this terrible plague that is troubling them and their families (Oedipus Rex 52). Oedipus has no idea what is causing this outbreak. He goes to Creon to try to figure out why this plague is occurring and how to stop it. Creon comes with bad news, stating that there is murderer in their presence and they must banish him from the city to bring an end from this horrible epidemic (Oedipus Rex 56). Oedipus goes on a rampage trying to find the murderer and banish him and avenge Laius death. Ill fight for him, Ill leave no means untried, to catch the one who did it with his hand... (Oedipus Rex, Ln. 270-271, page 1081) He feels such a strong urge to find the truth, and ironical ly the truth leads to his downfall. Oedipus’ great pride gives him confidence that he will find the murderer and once again be the hero of Thebes. Oedipus’ hubris and confidence ultimately leads to his downfall. For example, he believesShow MoreRelatedOedipus Rex And The Downfall Of Oedipus951 Words   |  4 Pageseventual downfall. This concept could be directly related to the story Oedipus Rex. Aristotle once said something to the effect that the tragic hero falls into bad fortune because of some flaw in his character. Essentially, he is telling us those characters, like Oedipus, have flaws that, under normal circumstances, would be a beneficial characteristic. However in this case, his character caused his demise. The defining characteristics of pride and determination can be attributed to the downfall of OedipusRead MoreOedipus Downfall Essay example774 Words   |  4 PagesPrompt: In a well-developed essay, consider whether hubris, fate or both are the use of Oedipus’ downfall. Use evidence from the text to support your support. Hubris is defined as excessive pride or self-confidence, while fate is defined as the supposed force, principle, or power that predetermines events. Ancient Greeks believed in Hubris, or pride. Pride may have been seen as good or bad. Many people that exhibit pride may come off as being proud of their achievements or lives; however, prideRead MoreThe Downfall Of Sophocles Oedipus The King815 Words   |  4 Pages The Downfall of Oedipus In Sophocles Oedipus the King, the topics of fate and free will are exceptionally solid all through the play and. Both focuses could be contended to extraordinary impact. In old Greece, fate was thought to be a simple piece of everyday life. Each part of life depended and was based upon fate. It is nature conviction to accept that humankind does in reality have Free will and every individual can choose the result of his or her life. All Oedipus actions areRead MoreOedipus The King, Oedipus Downfall And Lack Of Divine Attributes1461 Words   |  6 PagesIn Sophocles Oedipus the King, Oedipus’ downfall was a result of the sin of hubris, as he believed that he obtained attributes of divinity, which blinded him from the truth. PURPOSE STATEMENT Through evaluation and analysis of literary criticisms on Oedipus the King, it is shown that the reason for Oedipus’ downfall was his hubris and lack of divine attributes. INTRODUCTION Oedipus assumed he acquired the divine attributes making him further from the truth and nearer to his downfall. He thoughtRead MoreThe Tragic Downfall Of Oedipus The King By Sophocles924 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature, characters often have flaws that lead to a tragic downfall. One of these tragic flaws is hubris, which is defined as â€Å"exaggerated pride or self-confidence† (Merriam-Webster). This trait is most commonly found in characters who come to power and allow themselves to be consumed by their newfound hierarchy. The play Oedipus the King by Sophocles embodies the trait and displays it in different ways throughout the story. Oedipus is a victim of hubris as seen when he disregards the prophecyRead MoreComparing the Downfalls of Sophocles Oedipus and Shakespeares Othello1262 Words   |  6 Pages Oedipus and Othello were both honorable and heroic men that became the victims of tragic downfalls that can be compared and contrasted with each other. Sophocles, the writer of Oedipus the King, and Williams Shakespeare, the writer of Othello, were both enormously influential playwrights of their respective generations and their legacy continues today. The two playwrights made their masterpieces during different eras; Sophocles life coincided with the Golden Age of Greek tragedy and ShakespeareRead MoreWho Is Responsible for the Downfall of Oedipus Fate or Free Will?1639 Words   |  7 PagesIS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWNFALL OF OEDIPUS, IS IT FATE OR FREE WILL? In Oedipus the King by Sophocles, Oedipus is responsible for the tragedy of his downfall. Oedipus is presented with a series of choices throughout the play, and his arrogant and stubborn nature push him to impulsively make the wrong decisions, the decisions that ultimately lead him to his downfall. While Oedipus and those around him consider fate the source of Oedipus problems, Oedipus decisions show the audienceRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero987 Words   |  4 Pagesgreek tragedies, Oedipus the King had a tragic hero whose downfall was the result of a tragic flaw. Oedipus, like other greek characters, did not see his errors until his reign was coming to an end. Oedipus, the man who saved Thebes did not understand that every good thing must come to an end. A tragic hero defined by Aristotle has five characteristics that lead to their downfall and their understanding of why the situation happened. Oedipus is the ideal tragic hero because his downfall followe d theRead MoreA Comparative of Shakespeares Othello and Oedipus Rex1511 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Othello and Oedipus Rex In Shakespeare’s work Othello: The Moor of Venice, Othello’s over trusting nature was revealed when his trust in false accusations about his wife Desdemona’s unfaithfulness causes him to kill her and himself, conveying Othello as a tragic hero. Oedipus, the main character in Oedipus Rex, is characterized as a tragic hero when he tries to run away from his fate and finds out that the cause of his fate was his attempt to escape it. Oedipus Rex and Othello share aRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1156 Words   |  5 Pagessee the main dimensions of the two figures. I preferred to work with the book by Sophocles Oedipus, the king, in order to portray the attributes of a tragic hero. The book contains adequate information concerning the attributes of a tragic hero and the manner in which the book brings it out is exquisite. The strengths of my essay are that I was able to perfectly portray the dimensions of a tragic hero. Oedipus being the protagonist of th e play plays a keys role in the exemplification of the tragic

Benefits of Art Education Free Essays

Steps to Art Early Childhood Arts Education Initiative Fact Sheet About the Benefits of Arts Education for Children Benefits of Arts Education Source: Americans for the Arts, 2002 * Stimulates and develops the imagination and critical thinking, and refines cognitive and creative skills. * Has a tremendous impact on the developmental growth of every child and has proven to help level the â€Å"learning field† across socio-economic boundaries. * Strengthens problem-solving and critical-thinking skills, adding to overall academic achievement and school success. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Art Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Develops a sense of craftsmanship, quality task performance, and goal-setting—skills needed to succeed in the classroom and beyond. * Teaches children life skills such as developing an informed perception; articulating a vision; learning to solve problems and make decisions; building self-confidence and self-discipline; developing the ability to imagine what might be; and accepting responsibility to complete tasks from start to finish. * Nurtures important values, including team-building skills; respecting alternative viewpoints; and appreciating and being aware of different cultures and traditions. Source:  Young Children and the Arts: Making Creative Connections, 1998, Introduction * Plays a central role in cognitive, motor, language, and social-emotional development. * Motivates and engages children in learning, stimulates memory, facilitates understanding, enhances symbolic communication, promotes relationships, and provides an avenue for building competence. * Provides a natural source of learning. Child development specialists note that play is the business of young children; play is the way children promote and enhance their development. The arts are a most natural vehicle for play. The Need in Preschools Source: Americans for the Arts, 2002 * Preschool care and education, except for certain low-income programs, is considered a private service and receives little or no federal funding. * While the importance of early childhood arts education has received greater attention in recent years, the majority of funding and programming is directed to grades K–12, with preschools being largely underserved. * Arts education should not be considered a frill, but a necessity. Since preschools are not part of the public school system, funding sources vary greatly. When budgets are tight, arts programs, teachers, and supplies are often cut first. * More than four million children attend preschool programs nationwide. Source: Arts Education Partnership,  Children’s Learning the Arts: Birth to Age Eight * Preschool-age children are primed for learning and greatly accepting of most art forms. * Compelling evidence exists that early arts experience has an impact on all aspects of a child’s learning and development and that, in many ways, â€Å"earlier is better. * Early childhood thus presents both a unique opportunity and a unique challenge; a part of that challenge is to engage and support all who care for and educate young children in making the arts an integrated and vital part of their earliest experiences. * We know that â€Å"art,† understood as spontaneous creative play, is what young children naturally do—singing, dancin g, drawing, and role-playing. We also know that the arts engage all the senses and involve a variety of modalities including the kinesthetic, auditory, and visual. When caregivers engage and encourage children in arts activities on a regular basis from early in life, they are laying the foundation for—and even helping wire children’s brains for—successful learning. Adults Agree on Importance of Arts Education Source: Americans for the Arts national public opinion survey, January 2001 * Ninety-one percent of respondents believe the arts are vital to a well-rounded education. * Ninety-five percent of respondents believe the arts teach intangibles such as creativity, self-expression, and individualism. Seventy-six percent of respondents somewhat or strongly agree that arts education is important enough to get personally involved. However, just thirty-five percent of those who are closely involved in the life of a child have done so. * Sixty-seven percent say they do not know how to get involved. * Eighty-nine percent of respondents believe that arts education is important enough that schools should find the money to ensure inc lusion in the curriculum. * Ninety-six percent agree the arts belong to everyone, not just the fortunate or privileged. The Social and Academic Impact of Arts Education Source: Eisner, E. W. ,  Ten Lessons the Arts Teach, (January 1998) * Art is defined as something aesthetic to the senses. A â€Å"work of art† is both an activity and a result; it is a noun and a verb. â€Å"One of the great aims of education is to make it possible for people to be engaged in the process of creating themselves. Artists and scientists are alike in this respect. † * Arts curricula is typically process-driven and relationship based, so its impact on academic performance is often underestimated and undervalued. The arts provide a logical counterbalance to the trend of standardized testing and should not be marginalized just because the curriculum is more difficult to measure. * The emphasis and time given to a particular school subject sends a message to students about how important that subject is in life. * Arts programs, especially those including trained professionals, can help draw students out of â€Å"formal† ways of approaching relationships, outcomes, and perceptions. The arts can play a crucial role in improving students’ abilities to learn, because they draw on a range of intelligences and learning styles, not just the linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences upon which most schools are based. (Eloquent Evidence: Arts at the Core of Learning,  President’s Committee on the Arts and Humanities, talking about Howard Gardener’s  Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 1995) The Physical and Sensory Impact of Arts Education A student making music exp eriences the â€Å"simultaneous engagement of senses, muscles, and intellect. Brain scans taken during musical performances show that virtually the entire cerebral cortex is active while musicians are playing. † (Learning and the Arts: Crossing Boundaries, 2000, p. 14) â€Å"Dramatic play, rhyming games, and songs are some of the language-rich activities that build pre-reading skills. † (Young Children and the Arts: Making Creative Connection, 1998, p. 1) â€Å"Preschoolers who were given music keyboard lessons improved their spatial-temporal reasoning†¦used for understanding relationships between objects such as calculating a proportion or playing chess. † (Education Leadership, November, 1998, p. 8) â€Å"Creative activity is also a source of joy and wonder, while it bids its students to touch, taste, hear, and see the world. Children are powerfully affected by storytelling, music, dance, and the visual arts. They often construct their understanding of the world around musical games, imaginative dramas and drawing. † (Hamblen, Karen A. ,  Theories and Research That Support Art Instruction for Instrumental Outcomes, 1993) â€Å"Regular, frequent instruction in drama and sign language created higher scores in language development for Head Start students than for a control group. (Young Children and the Arts: Making Creative Connections,  1998, p. 1) â€Å"Listening to music for just an hour a day changes brain organization†¦EEG results showed greater brain coherence and more time spent in the alpha state. † (Malyarenko, et al. , 1996) Art Experiences that Promote Preschool Learning Source:  Young Children and the Arts: Making Creative Connections, 1998, pp. 11–12 * Dance helps build motor control, body relationships, and a sense of direction. Drawing, sculpting, and other visual arts develop spatial acuity. * Group activities, such as learning dance steps or singing songs, build social skills. * As children describe people and things in their world using pictures, body movements, and mime, they enhance their descriptive, nonverbal, cognitive capabilities. * Repeating stories, poems, and songs strengthens memory. * The art supplies children choose for their work reflects their approach to process and outcomes. How to cite Benefits of Art Education, Essay examples

Corporate Philanthropy Business Charity Purpose

Question: Describe about the Corporate Philanthropy for Business Charity Purpose. Answer: Introduction Fruitful philanthropy nowadays is not about issuing checks for charity purposes; it is continuously becoming a method used by most institutions to communicate with investors, measure their interests, and fulfill their expectations. Corporate philanthropy refers to the generous donations of proceeds given by corporations to non-profit organizations. Corporate philanthropy is continuously evolving, yet the evolution of this exercise has remained constant for more than a decade, and still the concerns of the society regarding corporate involvement on social issues are related to those dated as far back as the 1800s (Edwards, 2015). In the dawn of the 19th and early 20th century, the courts in the US maintained verdicts against company giving cash away. With time, however, this activity gained reception and was legitimized through the law court. The most common corporate philanthropy known to many may be the direct funding of charity events. However, the modern corporate philanthropy landscape has evolved and includes a wide variation of types of giving,' not only cash contributions but also other means of product donations, knowledge and employee volunteering. While some may argue that philanthropy may cost the business, it may also provide some benefits to the organization, employees and the community. Understanding the meaning of corporate philanthropy may help the company substantiate the expenditures to the investors and upper administration. Much of the writings on morals and corporate philanthropy campaign for corporate donating by refuting arguments that the exercise is unethical (Ehrlich, 2013). The nuclear dispute regarding corporate giving is that profit is put back into the business or go to the shareholders. Business is obliged to be economically viable. Early philanthropy by corporates was the owners giving away their money, not those of the company. Nevertheless, donations by corporate started growing in the late 1800s; companies started funding learning institutions and local services like hospitals and churches. Development in the dawn of the 19th century led to societal hitches, and economic challenges were providing a setting for corporate involvement, Courts during this time began to rule favoring companies that were donating to areas that would, directly and indirectly, profit the business and its workers. Critics in the early years of corporate donation highlighted that rather than compassionate behavior, companies aimed at fixing problems they had caused (Edwards, 2015). That is, the economic challenges and social issues that the corporations brought. Similar accusations befall organizations involved in donations today. Suspect reasons including an attempt to cover unethical financial connections, environmental issues, and other manipulative business practices. Many scholars have explored corporates inspiration and consumer insights towards corporate philanthropy. The problem is also common in trade publications and the press. It seems to be a regular topic in the journals such as the Journal of Business Ethics. The arguments mostly are that corporations should act responsibly, and shareholders and the community should hold them answerable for their activities from their daily business to their philanthropic endeavors (Haynes, et al., 2012). However, the question begs what measure of accountability is to be employed. Normally, the pyramid of corporates societal duty is the foundation by which investigators measure companys activities. The most important functions of a business are maintaining economic viability, obeying the laws that regulate the business and being aware of principled practices outside legal devotion, to act conferring to the peoples expectations (Harvey Brest, 2013). For example, being fair to employees, being environmentally sensitive and competing fairly. The managers of today must be able to balance a mixed drive model bringing together all the three into a tactical pattern satisfactory to the public (Harvey Brest, 2013). Corporate philanthropy is on the decline nowadays; the reasons are not difficult to understand. Directors see themselves in a no-win situation; they find themselves in the middle between critics who are challenging multiple levels of philanthropy and the stakeholders persistently pressuring the managers for short duration profits. Giving extra does not satisfy critics, the more corporates donate, the more community anticipates from them. Executive hence find it difficult to justify open-handed expenses regarding bottom line benefits (Brooks Dunn, 2012). This predicament has led to companies being tactical in their philanthropy (Harvey Brest, 2013), though being philanthropic does not guarantee success for the business, nowadays it is not strategic. Increasingly, corporate philanthropy is a form of public relations and marketing purposes, meant to endorse the corporate brand and image through cause-related promotion or other high profile funding. While these activities deliver much-needed aid to worthy causes, they anticipate to escalate company reflectivity and increase employee drive so as to create societal impact (Shaw et al., 2013). Companies with successful strategic philanthropic efforts follow four plans, they set quantifiable goals, define their involvement, set established principles that guide in decision-making and communicate their activities to the stakeholders. For instance, instead of a company just marketing their participation in societal issues, they also report their charitable efforts as part of CSR report unified into the enterprises activities, while pursuing two-way communication with the investors, engaging them in corporate outreach programs (Harvey Brest, 2013). This stress on the business leadership involvement in driving corporate philanthropy decision-making rather than a department is an indicator that some business stakeholders embrace the awareness of corporate citizenship as an all-inclusive entity. Research suggests that corporate citizen has grown and is projected to integrate its responsible communal behavior, service its economic importance and the interest of the society in whi ch it functions. The way corporate philanthropy is in practice today proves that many businesses engaging in this activity are unfocused and diffuse. Many comprise of small cash contributions to aid local civic programs or to provide general support to learning institutions and national charities, all in the expectation of generating goodwill. Rather than being aligned with clear business objectives (Velasquez, 2012), these funds mirror the personal beliefs and values of executives and workforces. It seems that a majority of charity choices made by corporations would be better made by people giving their money. Cisco is one of the companies using context focused philanthropy to attain both societal and economic gain. Through the Cisco Networking Academy, they have come up with an ambitious educational program in which they train computer network administrators, hence easing a possible limit on its growth while providing jobs to high school alumni (Ehrlich, 2013). By concentrating on social issues affecting its business setting, and by making use of its particular qualities, Cisco demonstrates the unrealized hidden potential of corporate philanthropy. Taking this course, however, necessitates major deviations in the way corporations style their contribution agendas. There are numerous channels of corporate philanthropy; the most prominent are the matching gift programs and the volunteer grants. Matching Gift Programs Commonly referred to as free cash for non-profits. These are generous giving plans set up by companies in which the business matches givings made by workers to eligible non-profit institutions. The categories of events depend on what the corporation's policies are. Matching gift plan is considered to be corporate philanthropy because the monetary contribution to nonprofit institutions is projected to help assist a mission that once solved, would better civilization (Haynes, et al., 2012). Volunteer Grant Programs These differ in that the corporations involved do not contribute cash directly to a nonprofit entity, but they encourage volunteering of their workforce in populations where they reside and work. In this way, corporations provide donations to organizations where workers volunteer on a regular basis (Grace Cohen, 2013). They achieve it in two ways; a firm donates cash per hour to an organization where employees volunteers and secondly, a corporation sets the threshold that once a member volunteers for a particular period, the company is to provide its donation to that non-profit. Volunteer donations like matching gifts is a corporate philanthropy (Edwards, 2015). An example of a company that has taken corporate philanthropy to another level is the Apple Corporation. Apple matches gifts up to $10,000 in a year made by full-time employees, and the company has 80,000 workers. Through its charity programs, Apple has contributed more than $78 million through the matching gift plan. Apple volunteer grant ensures that for an hour that its employee volunteers; the firm donates $25 to that nonprofit organization (Velasquez, 2012). Corporations are encouraged to participate in complete community responsibility, to go beyond customary philanthropy to participatory partnerships that shape commercial and social capital for viable business (Ferrell et al., 2015). Economically viable corporations identify those values and concentrate resources on building and supporting the institution's viability via a common market and capability alignment approach to financial giving (Shaw et al., 2013). The range of activities for these firms include traditional philanthropy, but the emphasis is on events that take the lead of corporate expertise, build on brands or expand corporate values. In the years ensuing pivotal corporate moral breaches, corporations rally to institute core values and social practices, communicating their role in the society in a manner equivalent to those used by personalities. The development of the corporate character through court rulings and accepted commitment in social matters point to the culture allowing the business voice to be part of the societys resolution making. Thus, until changes in legal and satisfactory practices ensue giving corporations less authority, accepting the present status of the corporate being is vital for its participation in the society. References Boatright, JR 2012, Ethics and the conduct of business, 7th ed, Pearson Education, New York. Brede son, D 2012, applied business ethics, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Brooks, LJ Dunn, P 2012, Business and professional ethics for directors, executives an accountant, 6th ed, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Collins, D 2012, Business ethics: how to design and manage ethical organizations, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Edwards, H., 2015. social responsibility and the evolution of corporate philanthropy. An analysis of successful corporate-cause partnership, pp. 1-10. Ehrlich, E., 2013. Defining corporate Philanthropy. [Online] Available at: https://doublethedonation.com/blog/2013/09/defining-corporate-philanrthropy/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Frost, S., 2016. The Importance of Corporate Philanthropy. [Online] Available at: smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-sorporate-philanthropy-33810.html [Accessed 18 September 2016]. Harvey, H. Brest, P., 2013. Money Well Spent: a strategic plan for smart philanthropy. Hoboken New Jersey: Bloomberg Press. Haynes, K., Dillard, J. Murray, A., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility. s.l.:Routledge. Shaw, WH, Barry, V, Isa, T Carley, B 2013, Moral issues in business, 2nd Asia-Pacific ed, Cengage Learning, Australia. Velasquez, MG 2012, Business ethics: concepts and cases, 7th ed, Pearson Education, New York.

Think In Practical Way Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Think In Practical Way Essay, Research Paper Think in Practical manner Nursing is an exciting and disputing field to analyze. Nursing uses a scientific procedure to be after care for people in acute unwellnesss and learn them how to remain healthy or header with their unwellness. Nurses fundamentally the assistant of the physicians. They assist the physicians by giving medical specialty, interventions, trials, injections, or draw blood as directed by the doctor. They besides observe patients for mental, physical, societal and or emotional alterations and record alterations. There are several field of occupations that a registered nurse can travel through. Nurse instructors in a community or university colleges and registered nurses who work in a infirmary are two of the illustrations in the field of nursing occupation. University and college instructors of nursing provide advanced direction to pupils in the field of nursing. foremost, to be an instuctor, a individual must be a registered nurse with at to the lowest degree hold a unmarried man # 8217 ; s grade. We will write a custom essay sample on Think In Practical Way Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In today # 8217 ; s society, instructors normally have a maestro # 8217 ; s grade. Second, their on the job hours varies harmonizing to learning burden. They normally don # 8217 ; Ts have a stable on the job hours. Working hours truly depends on their experiences, senior status, and public presentation. Their occupation is a contract footing merely. Teachers # 8217 ; contracts run between nine to 12 months in a twelvemonth. Third, harmonizing to EUREKA, mean community college teacher wage is $ 3,166 per month and ranges from $ 2,577 to $ 3,990 per month. Full moon professors and those with many old ages of experience may gain from $ 3,833 to $ 5,463 per month. The top wage may transcend $ 6,932 per month. Finally, EUREKA besides says that California employment by 2005 are 76,330 university and college are projected to be employed with 33,850 gaps. Pay varies with size, geographic location, and type of establishment. Registered nurses are the typical nurses that you see in a medical environment or infirmary. First, associate grade is the minimum measure to be a registered nurse. The 2nd discrepancy, they are normally assigned a twenty-four hours, eventide, or dark displacement. By and large, they work 12 hours a twenty-four hours three yearss a hebdomad. We all know when we exceed eight hours of work, we get paid one and a half. Most of the nurses today, they have dual occupations. In that instance, their wage are doubled. The 3rd difference between instructors is their salary. Harmonizing to EUREKA, the entry wage ranges from every bit low as $ 823 to $ 4,330 per month. Wage for experient nurses may run from $ 1,200 to over $ 5,565 per month. Top wage can run from $ 1,470 to over $ 6,080 per month. The salary truly depends on experiences, instruction, geographic location and size and type of employer. Finally, EUREKA besides says that 222,430 registered nurses are projected to be employed by 2005 with 45,220 gap in California. The most of import of the classs above is the occupation mentality for the hereafter. Based on EUREKA, I would fix to take registered nurses who work in a medical environment because they have higher opportunities to acquire a occupation in the hereafter compared to learning. When it comes to instruction demands, instruction has a long procedure of clip than regular nurses. When we are speaking about fiscal affair, learning could be better in some ways. Teaching has a higher wage than a regular nurse. It is besides non stressfull than a nurse who works in a medical field. But what about dual occupation, can a full clip instructor grip another occupation? I don # 8217 ; t think so ( intensional ) . In this state of affairs, the nurses who prepare to work in a infirmary have a large advantage from learning when it comes to money devising.

Rappelling And Ascending Essays - Types Of Climbing, Prusik, Rope

Rappelling And Ascending Essays - Types Of Climbing, Prusik, Rope Rappelling And Ascending Rappelling and Ascending Ascending, descending and rope rescue are very exhilarating sources of entertainment and rescue while at the same time extremely complicated. This brief history of the long and ever adapting history of rope climbing and rescue is very interesting. The following article will provide information on how and why people do this on their free time for entertainment purposes. There are many types of tools and equipment used in rope rescue for all of its demanding tasks. Many knots are developed and used for safety purposes. Many skills are needed to be a good climber. Safety is always the primary concern of a climber or rescuer. Rope rescue is a major area in todays rescue world. Yesterdays hemp rope has evolved into a vigorous sport for some and a dangerous career for others. The history of rope can be traced back to as early as prehistory. Rope, a flexible line made of fibers or wires twisted or braided together for tensile strength. At first rope was twisted by hand. The Egyptians used tools to make rope from papyrus and leather, but hemp was the standard for rope until the 19TH century when Manila hemp replaced it. It was not until the 1950s when synthetic rope was introduced. There is an enormous difference between natural and synthetic ropes. There are a few different types of climbing such as alpine climbing, ice climbing and rock climbing. Throughout the world there are men and women who travel to exotic mountains for one purpose only, to reach the summit. For as long as time can tell, people have had an unquenchable thirst for thrill and excitement. I think other sports would struggle to compete with the exhilaration and danger of rappelling and ascending. Many people have made the ultimate sacrifice to explore their dreams on some of the most extravagant mountains here on Earth. Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth and the ultimate mountain for thrill seekers. Rope rescue has so many various tasks, which need specialized tools and equipment. The climber must first understand the nature of the climb to accurately bring the right tools and none of the wrong ones, since extra weight is anything but a luxury in this business. The figure eight is a non-moving piece of great importance for ascending. It allows for a slow controlled descent by using the ropes own forces and pressures to give the user the ability of a full range of speeds from a complete stop to free fall. This is a very fun and useful device. The carabineer is a major structure to someone on rope. It is a metal piece that connects hardware together. It a carabineer breaks, the person falls. Have you ever heard a chain is only as strong as its weakest link? A harness is best described as a pair of shorts constructed of nylon that fits around the person to support him and connect him to the equipment. There are three classes of harnesses, each having separate ranges of motion allow ed. They are also extremely uncomfortable. Rope is an obvious must for rope climbing. There are numerous types of ropes that are predetermined by the nature of the use. Some ropes bounce and some are water repellent for rescue situations such as floods. Ascending requires an ascender. Most preferred is a mechanical ascender, which allows the climber to simply stand up on his prussic and slide the ascender up. The ascender then locks into place allowing the climber to sit down and move his prussic up. Repeating this situation results in vertical movement. Knots are almost as vast as grains of sand on the beach; some are just more useful than other. Knots are in a few different categories. They are made of many materials and are used to hoist, anchor, attach, pull, stop and many other things. One such category is hitches, which should never be tied around a patient or anything vulnerable to pressure due to the fact that hitches get tighter more pressure is applied. A butterfly knot is mainly used to carry tools. It is also easy to remember due to its descriptive name. A prussic knot is used to grip rope

Use of RFID technologies for identification, tracking Term Paper

Use of RFID technologies for identification, tracking - Term Paper Example There are advanced technologies associated with this method of keeping watch applied by the US while in the battle field. Evidences in support of this are the depth and range of research on this topic carried out by various scholars and interested parties. Their recent operations and raids have utilized space surveillance as a method of staying alert in the battle field. Technology and military theory, as well as the manner, in which it is applied during war and the impact of the aforementioned on the society, will be looked into keenly with the analysis of the works of various researchers on the topic. Another aspect will be that of information warfare. There are other researches on related topics, which support this view from different angles but with similar findings as will be realized subsequently. Revolution in military affairs has put technology in the right perspective when it comes to battlefield awareness. The US military as history has it, made heavy investments on military technology with space craft's as a priority . Use of devices that collect data before putting up a plan of attack while at war takes center stage in the US military operation layout. The socioeconomic paradigm of each era in the US reflects on the investments made in ensuring victory over the wars. In so doing, poor return on technological investments scales escalate. Errors in judgments are associated with such technologies resulting to retarded economic progress. ... Introduction Many organizations are fast adopting the use of RFID systems for easy tracking of counterfeit goods and all sorts of other criminal activities that people might engage in to the detriment of a company. Despite the growing popularity of the technology, the opposition has slammed RFID for its potential threats to privacy of individuals. It is imperative to acknowledge the opposition could be right since every person has a constitutional right to their own privacy. The deployment of RFID systems in the contemporary society is widespread. Philips Semiconductors that manufactures RFID chips has sold more than a billon chips across the world [9]. This may mean that many companies across the world have already installed RFID into their surveillance and tracking systems. Industrialized countries have adopted the technology more than in any other parts of the world [9]. While people may think that RFID systems are some of the latest technology breakthroughs in tracking systems, R FID have been in existent since the World War II. They were used in the war to detect Friend or Foe systems in military aircrafts [9]. In the contemporary world, there are several applications of the RFID systems including; automobile immobilization, inventory management, payments systems, tracking of animals, and in automated traffic toll collection. These widespread applications of RFID have improved efficiencies in accomplishing tasks for companies but on the other hand, have invigorated the debates on their infringement on people’s privacy. How RFID Works RFID tag has two components that aid in its collection, processing and transmission of information. Its part that is integrated into

Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection - Assignment Example I remember when I started learning English it was not that easy for me to get hold of it since I came from an Arabic background. However, had my mom not made sure that all the siblings spoke to each other in English, my speech wouldn’t have been the way it is. Hence, the maintenance factor came in which helped me continually polish my language skills. I also agree to Baker when he says one of the reasons for acquiring a second language is to make you culturally aware. I remember when I moved into college it wasn’t really that difficult for me to get along with other students since I had a pretty good understanding of the English culture and the language itself. However, I noticed how people who weren’t really familiar with the English language and culture found it very difficult to get along with the local students. It’s inspiring to see how Baker has put down in words a lot of thing that I have experienced in real life. Being a bilingual and aware of the local language of a country also helps you a lot in getting selected for a job. Baker has correctly mentioned this point in his book by saying that acquiring language helps a lot in career in employment. Not only the employment factor but it also helps a great deal in communicating effectively with foreigners while closing trade deals etc. I can totally connect the dots here to my own experience. I remember how one of my cousins raised in Arabia found it very challenging in finding a proper job in out country. Not that he wasn’t good at academics or anything but most of the potential employers told him the only reason they are hesitant about hiring him is that he isn’t familiar much with the English language and they believe it might some how hinder his performance at work. I believe going through Baker’s â€Å"Second Language Acquisition And Learning† has not only conformed my beliefs as to what I think of being a bilingual but it has further

Research, Writing, and Rhetoric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

, Writing, and Rhetoric - Research Paper Example An experiment conducted by Stanley Migram proved the notion that what is considered ordinary, normal, stable, and decent people who got considered as non-violent or non-radical in their behavior could and did certain irrational actions under certain conditions (Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 1172). This experiment proved that situation over individual traits had more of a determining factor on human action. The experiment got designed to test if people were more submissive to obedience as a result of an authoritative power. The experiment demonstrated the dangers of obedience. It determined that situational variables provide a stronger sway on determining obedience than personality factors. Milgram showed that honest, decent and rational people could commit atrocities when caused to do so by an authoritative power. Well behaved people could not refrain from committing atrocities because of the situation or role they got asked to perform by a higher authority. Experiments conducted by Solomon Asch also showed that situations have more influence on human behavior than character or personality (Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 1172). Asch showed that a majority of people want to fit in than they desire to do the right thing. Asch through his experiments showed that people would do the wrong thing even if it means that they get hurt. People are afraid to undertake personal decisions and are quick to lay blame on circumstances rather than their personal flaws when things go wrong. Asch’s experiments show how an individual’s opinions get influenced by the decisions of a majority. His experiments demonstrated the power of social pressure. When people believe that the majority is right and they do not want to be seen as opposing to them, they are likely to agree with their decisions even if they are wrong. Here, the person overlooks his or her personal traits to appease the views of a majority even if they are wrong. Asch’s tests we re a further

Incineration Or Recycling Of Waste In Stockholm Environmental Sciences Essay

Incineration Or Recycling Of Waste In Stockholm Environmental Sciences Essay The amount of waste has increased every year in line with economic growth in the society and so progressively becoming a bigger concern. The issue of increasing waste in the society needs to be considered carefully and strategies for building sustainable solutions must be incorporated into the daily agenda for companies as well as for households. Decisions regarding large investments in our society, like different ways of handling waste, are complex and require a systematic approach supported with appropriate decision methods and models. The overall aim for this study is to investigate how incineration and recycling in Stockholm municipality is organized and also to evaluate both the costs and the benefits using CBA model. Which method is the best when both considering financial and environmental aspects? The results from the Cost Benefit Analysis shows clearly that incineration has a large advantage relative recycling in matter of financial benefits. This benefit comes mainly from the fact that it is possible in Sweden and at the Hà ¶gdalenverken to produce district heating and electricity from the incineration of MSW. This energy recovery is not just good from an environmental point of view but also from a financial. Another important result is that the flue gas treatment in Sweden and Hà ¶gdalenverken is very effective due to use of modern technologies. The cleaning process with use of filters, scrubbers and catalysts are very effective and has a large impact on the emissions released to the environment. When analyzing the full picture with incineration compared to recycling it is clear that in Stockholm is the benefits larger for incineration as a large scale profitable treatment method for the municipal solid waste (MSW). Introduction In the early 1800s the main occupation in Sweden was agriculture and the most important processes linked to farming was sowing, harvesting and managing animals. During this period it was quite clear for the farmers what the input and output of their processes were and it was probably not that hard to control these processes and the local environmental impact. The main issue was the weather and the main resource was manpower. The dawn of industrial technology brought the industrial revolution. It became clear that new companies and households were not only impacting the local environment but also much larger areas via waterways and air streams. The amount of waste has, in general, increased every year in line with economic growth and so progressively becoming a bigger issue for our society. The issue of increasing waste in the society needs to be considered carefully and strategies for building sustainable solutions must be incorporated into the daily agenda for companies as well as f or households. Decisions regarding large investments in our society, like different ways of handling waste, are complex and require a systematic approach supported with appropriate decision methods and models. Aims and Objectives The overall aim for this study is to investigate how incineration and recycling in Stockholm municipality is organized and also to evaluate both the costs and the benefits using CBA model. Which method is the best when both considering financial and environmental aspects? To be able to fulfill the overall aim a number of objectives has been established; Describe the concept of Ecological Economics and its context. Describe and explain how Cost Benefit Analysis can be used to evaluate waste handling. Describe what kind of waste that is incinerated and recycled in Stockholm municipality. Describe and analyze how incineration of waste is managed in Stockholm municipality. Describe and analyze how recycling of waste is managed in Stockholm municipality. Calculate and evaluate costs and benefits for both waste incineration and recycling. System Boundary One geographical boundary is that this study will take place in Stockholm municipality but when suitable information is missing in Stockholm there is a need to broaden this boundary. It is also stated that there is two options of waste handling that will be studied in this report, incineration and recycling. Still these methods need to be put into its context. Methodology The information used in this report comes mainly from course literature used in the course Ecological Economics (MJ2694) at KTH. Other sources of information are internet and databases with articles for the specific research area. Theoretical Framework This chapter will introduce the research area as well as build the basis for good understanding of how waste management is handled in Stockholm municipality. This study is focused on using Cost Benefit Analysis as method for analyzing the two options incineration and recycling. Ecological Economics Perspective Ecological Economics (EE) was founded at the end of 1980s and this field is often categorized in multi-discipline or trans-discipline research depending on the views of different scholars (Constanza, Daly and Bartholomew, 1991; Daly, 2004). This section will briefly address the concept and the terms of EE that will be used in this study. Due to the multi-disciplinary nature of EE, it seems important to define the basic idea of Ecological Economics before addressing the waste management methods from an ecological economics perspective. The basic idea of Ecological Economics In a broader sense this field of study investigates the relationship between ecosystems and economic systems (Constanza, Daly and Bartholomew, 1991). However, as Bergh (2001) discusses in relation with the core of EE, the combination of the two different fields of study was enabled based on the view that the economy is a subsystem of a larger local and global ecosystem, and this relationship provides the reason to set limits to the physical growth of the economy. At this point it is differed from mainstream economy which has the focus on market mechanism without consideration of actual human and ecosystem behavior. Ecological Economics responds to failure of mainstream economics to build a bridge between the gap of natural science and economics (Gowdy, 2000). Economic scientist aspires to find simple and general laws that cover all possible economic situations. The focus on markets in economy, with ignorance of the constraints imposed by environment and the human behavior, has conclu ded in a variety of environmental degradation (Gowdy, 2000). An important distinction of sustainability in EE is concerned with the differences between development and growth. Development refers to an increase in the quality of output without an increase in mass and energy usage, whereas growth refers to quantitative increase in economic output (Gowdy, 2000). Development with an increase of quality of output also considers equal allocating resources significant and efficiency of distributing resources (Daly and Farley, 2004). Cost Benefit Analysis One of the methods used for decision-making is Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) and with this method it is possible to evaluate the expected costs of an investment against the expected benefits to determine the most profitable alternative. In terms of goal setting or making a decision, CBA is a support for the decision makers. It is a rather simple method that is widely used for many years. (Entrepreneur, 2010) To illustrate how simple the CBA could be is to put a piece of paper where a line divides it into two parts. In the left side costs are stated and in the right side the potential benefits are described. Both the costs and benefits should be stated to reach a specific goal. After writing the different costs and benefits they need to be added up to be able to compare the both sides and to see which the largest part is. As this is a very simple method for decision-making it could be used for a first screening the situation but probably a more sophisticated method will be needed for deeper analysis. (Entrepreneur, 2010) One example when a CBA is used could be when a Sales Director of a company needs to take a decision if the company should invest in a new efficient contract and sales processing computer based system. At present time has the sales department just a few computers and this kind of investment would require quite much employee training. There is a risk that there will be a decrease in sales during the implementation period of this new computer based system. The total costs are estimated to about $55,800 (computers, installation and training). The potential benefits are linked to the estimated increase in sales capacity and better customer service performance which is approximately $90,000 annually. With this costs and benefit figures is it possible to calculate the profit of the investment as well as the return of investment of about eight months. (Entrepreneur, 2010) Incineration in Stockholm Municipality There are many ways of taking care of waste and incineration if one of the most important treatment methods. According to the waste hierarchy is incineration in the middle of the waste hierarchy. The order is from the top of the waste hierarchy; waste reduction/prevention, re-use, recycling composting, incineration and landfill (Williams, 2005). In Stockholm is incineration is one of the main ways of waste treatment. For Stockholm is Hà ¶gdalenverket the main facility for incineration of waste. At this plant is heat and electricity produced from mainly combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) as well as industrial waste. This facility consists of six different burners to produce the heat and electricity. One important change in the district heating net of Stockholm was made in 2008 when the southern and central district heating net was merged into one net. Hà ¶gdalenverket is the major producing unit of district heating in Stockholm. In Hà ¶gdalenverket is the different shares of waste; MSW from Stockholm 235,432 ton, MSW from surrounding municipalities 158,001 ton and industrial waste 90,917 ton. The part of the MSW that comes from Stockholm is 235,432/484,450 = 0.49, that is 49% of the total treated waste in Hà ¶gdalenverket. There are also needed different fuels to be able to run the plant, for example burning oils a nd bio oils (Fortum, 2010). In Table 9 in Appendix B, it is obvious that waste from food is totally dominating the MSW with about 38.9% of the total amount. The second biggest part is board and corrugated cardboard with 9.3% and the third biggest is newspapers with 7.2%. These three parts makes about 55% of the total MSW in Stockholm and needs to be treated accordingly. The figures shown in Table 9 come from an analysis called plockanalys (eng. pick analysis). This means that MSW in Stockholm has been analyzed by looking into garbage bags from citizens in the municipality. A typical modern waste incinerator plant is divided into five different process steps according to Williams (2005). The first step is the waste delivery and the final district heating or electricity generation. The steps are described below also see Figure 1 for an illustration: I) Waste delivery, bunker and feeding system this stage comprises the arrival of waste to the incineration plant, its storage in the bunker for further utilization and the continuous feeding to the furnace. II) Furnace it is here where the incineration of the waste occurs. It can be divided in three phases; drying and devolatilisation, combustion of volatiles and soot and combustion of the solid carbonaceous residues. III) Heat recovery due to the high temperature of the flue gases, around 750 1000  °C, it is necessary to cool down the gases before passing through the cleaning system. During this process, by the utilization of a boiler, the heat of the flue gases is transferred to water therefore producing steam. IV) Emissions control this stage comprises all the measures and techniques utilized to treat the flue gases in order to comply with the European Commission Waste Incineration Directive (2000), which regulates all the emissions resultant from incineration plants. V) Energy recovery via district heating or electricity generation through the utilization of turbines or heat exchangers it is possible to use the steam produced in the heat recovery phase to generate electricity or district heating. Figure 1 Typical layout of a MSW incineration plant (EC, 2006) Recycling in Stockholm Municipality Waste recycling can be considered as a favored way for material and energy recovery. Reasonable sorting system is the most kernel part in material recycling. The main aims of waste recycling is to separately store recyclable material for reuse and ensure that waste which can be processed for recovery of material and energy. It is also to separately store hazardous material for disposal in landfills or through appropriate processing and also to minimize the waste and ensure reduction in landfill space for final disposal. (Barker and Zabinsky, 2010) The general idea of waste recycling in western countries, is based on first household sorting and recycling and secondly process in recycling center. Household Sorting and Recycling The idea of household recycling adopts the method of waste sorting in households. There are different kinds of waste that is recycled for example packaging, food, paper, metal and glass waste. These are collected via waste bins located at households, business facilities, at hotel and other public areas. The collected waste will be transported for recycling or for downgraded recovery. The household waste sorting starts normally in the kitchen where food waste and other mixed waste are sorted into their own separate waste collection bins. The waste contains recyclable materials such as glass, metal and paper that are sorted in their separate bins. The waste also contains hazardous material which can be dangerous or harmful to human health or the surrounding environment and should not be mixed with other waste. The hazardous waste must be kept separately and taken to specific recycle stations. In 1994 was the legislation passed, that requiring households to sort waste into separate streams to facilitate collection under the EPR legislation. Since the Swedish system relied on bring systems it is not really compulsory. Sorting waste by the households is regulated but not enforced. In almost all municipalities in Sweden, there are different kinds of waste bins used to collect different kinds of household waste separately. The method of classifying different household waste follow these different groups; paper board, plastic, glass, metals, food and other (e.g. batteries, lamps). For the different kind of waste mentioned, there are the corresponding bins to collect them. (Paxà ©us, 1999) Swedish cleaning company jointly is formed by non-governmental organizations. Companies in some cities in Sweden provides each household with free garbage bags which is used to keep waste paper, scrap metal, waste glass bottle and waste fiber separately. The special truck always collects recyclable periodically, while the other garbage collection once a week. In addition, in apartments, hotels and other public residential area also has the special collection devices used to keep various types of waste for recycling. (Green Alliance, 2009) The reusable bottles in Sweden, such as plastic bottles and metal cans, could be collected at supermarkets which have self-service recycle machines. People can get money back once by applying the used bottles into the self-service machine which is designed as a deposit refund system. About 9,000 tons of recycled in Sweden for cans and about 2 million tons of glass bottles are collected every year. 75 million tons of paper are recovered per year of which 240,000 tons is collected from households. (Docstoc, 2009) Process in Recycling Center Recycling Centers manage the collected waste from all scattered areas. The recycling begins with material collection and separation, followed by sorting at a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), which is also known as recycling centers and after that further reprocessing or reuse. The recycling center can be defined as a demarcated system where people bring and sort their large-sized, hazardous and electrical waste. This is including refrigerators, furniture, electronics, garden waste, solvents and paints. The waste is sorted and placed in large containers, cages and boxes. However, kitchen waste is not accepted at these recycling centers. (Krook and Eklund, 2010) In contrast to waste separation in source site, waste materials and recyclables sorted in recycling centre can be thought of solution at the end of the waste stream. A typical materials recovery centre comprises of several buildings including receiving and processing waste from the producers or storing a short period inventory of conditioned waste as a warehouse. All the buildings are necessarily equipped with appropriate facilities for treating and conditioning the waste. The standardization of the recycling centre strictly follows reference design certified by relevant agencies in order to achieve cost effective performance. Figure 2 below shows the recycling centre which can handle with a mixture of containers composed of crystal or colored glass, ferrous metals, aluminum tins and paper cartons. The procedure is similar to un-segregated MSW recycling facility. Pre-segregation occurs before waste is transmitted to the facility which indicates a higher recovery rate involved (Williams, 2005). Figure 2. Materials Recycling Facility. (Warmer Bulletin 59, 1998. Reproduced by permission of R.C. Strange) Materials recycling facilities handles the segregated material streams with a range from 3 to 8 waste components, of particular materials which may be separated or mixed. By doing in this way, it will lower the contamination degree while increase the recycling rates. The separation processes are generally classified into mechanical and manual separated operations. Many types of materials like corrugated cardboard which is already through the pre-segregating procedure will be delivered into the baler directly at the initial input stage. The stages of separation include trommel screening, magnetic separation, and manual sorting. Although mechanical separation processes are in wider applications, yet manual sorting procedure is still considered as a favored way to detach different waste especially like colored glasses or plastics. (Williams, 2005) Results In this section will the result from data and literature research be presented. To be able to illustrate the result in an easy and logical way, will first the cost and benefits for incineration be shown and after that the cost and benefits for recycling in Stockholm. The final result from the full cost benefit calculation will be illustrated in a table. Costs for Incineration in Stockholm Municipality The costs for incineration are assumed to be the costs for collection and transport of the household waste and the full cost for the incineration plant. Costs for Collection and Transportation About 35 employees are working in the waste management office in Stockholm municipality. Total population in Stockholm for 2009 is 829,417 according to the annual report of Stockholm municipality (Stockholms Stad, 2010). Weighed household waste at Hà ¶gdalenverken is 130 kr * 829,417 = 107,824,210 kr per year. The cost for collection, transport and removal of household waste is about 520 kr per person and year in Stockholm municipality according to annual report. Total costs for collection, transport and removal of household waste is equal to 520 kr * 829,417 = 431,296,840 kr/year Costs for Incineration Plant Hà ¶gdalenverket has an annual capacity of treating about 700,000 ton waste and the share of MSW from Stockholm Municipality is 235,432 ton per year. In the study made by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL, 1999) is the total cost for an incineration plant about 400 kr per ton. This information is to be found in table A6 in the IVL report from 1999. Cost Assumptions for Incineration Plants (IVL, 1999): Investment, Capacity0.68 * 145,000 Depreciation time = 20 years Power (MW), Capacity * 0.38 * 10-3 Employees, 10+(14.3*Power+200)0.5 Maintenance and operational costs, 2.5% of the investment Chemicals and lime, 20 kr/ton waste Capacity = plant capacity (ton/year) Interest rate = 5% With a total amount of waste that is 235,432 ton/year and a cost of about 400 kr/ton waste treated will the total cost per year be 400 kr/ton * 235,432 ton/year = 94,172,800 kr/year. The total cost for incineration according to the above calculations is a combination of costs for collection and transportation as well as costs for the incineration plant. Probably is it also some minor cost for handling the residues from the incineration but this cost was not possible to find. Total cost for incineration is 431,296,840 kr/year + 94,172,800 kr/year = 525,469,640 kr/year. Benefits for Incineration in Stockholm Municipality In Stockholm are approximately 130,000 households using the district heating from Hà ¶gdalenverken and this district heating is generated from incineration of MSW (Fortum, 2009). The annual cost for every household is estimated to be about 18,960 kr/year. This is based on an annual energy usage of 21,000 kWh (Fortum, 2010a). The total cost for households (equals to benefits from district heating) will be 130,000 * 18,960 kr/year = 2,464,800,000 kr/year and this is the major part of the benefits from incineration. The other part is the electricity produced. According to Fortum homepage (Fortum, 2010) is the power output from the plant 71 MW. There are two steam turbines with a power output of 27 MW and 44MW which gives a total of 71 MW. The calculation to convert it into kW is 71 MW * 1000 = 71,000 kW. The calculation of the produced electricity per year for Hà ¶gdalenverken is 71,000 kW * 24 hours/days * 365 days/year = 621,960,000 kWh/year. The assumed price for electricity is collected at Fortum homepage (Fortum, 2010b) and the page Historiska elpriser. To calculate the total income from electricity we have used the average monthly electricity price from January 2009 to December 2009 and this is 44.815 à ¶re/kWh = 0.44815 kr/kWh. This average price is then multiplied with the total electricity produced for 2009 which gives 621,960,000 kWh/year * 0.44815 kr/kWh = 278,731,374 kr/year. The benefits from incineration is a combination of district heating and electricity produced in Hà ¶gdalenverket. Still is the part of waste coming from Stockholm municipality about 49% of the total production in Hà ¶gdalenverket which gives; 0.49 * (2,464,800,000 kr/year + 278,731,374 kr/year) = 1,344,330,373 kr/year. Costs for Recycling in Stockholm Municipality The part of material recycling which includes packaging, electronic waste, as well as bulky waste collected as metal fraction in municipal recycling centers in Sweden was 1,586,600 ton for 2009, 169.9 kg per person and corresponds to 35.4 % of all treated household waste. Therefore the total amount of recycling in Stockholm is 169.9 kg/person * 829,417 persons = 140,918 ton/year. This was calculated based on population size, see Table 1below. Table 1 The Amount of Recycling per Year in Stockholm (Avfall Sverige, 2010) Sweden Stockholm Material recycling 1,586,600 ton 140,918 ton Material recycling per person 169.9 kg Population 9,354,462 829,417 The cost for waste management is in average 690 kr/person per year. It is possible to assume that the cost for recycling is 244 kr/person per year based on the charge of recycling 35.4% of total waste. The cost of recycling is 244 kr/person * 829,417 = 202,377,748 kr/year, see Table 2. Table 2 The Cost of Recycling per Year in Stockholm (Avfall Sverige, 2010) 1 person/year Per year Cost for waste management 690 kr Cost for recycling 244 kr 202,377,748 kr Rate of recycling of total waste 35.4% Benefits for Recycling in Stockholm Municipality The vast majority of recycling materials in Stockholm is generally categorized into 5 groups; plastic, metal, paper, e-waste and glass. In the Swedish Waste Management report for 2010 (Avfall Sverige, 2010) is the explicit recycling data display as a Table 3 below. Table 3. Recycling Material Detail in Sweden 2009 (Avfall Sverige, 2010) Waste Type [ton] [kg/person] Recovery degree [%] Parliament recycling target [%] Newspaper Paper Package 899,000 96.4 85 70 Office Paper 118,000 12.6 72 Plastic 44,430 4.8 27 70 Glass 177,300 19.0 90 70 Metal Metal Package 203.320 21.8 72 70 E-waste 143.850 15.4 According to municipal demographic statistic in 2009, the municipality of Stockholm holds a population of 829,417. Therefore, the waste statistic in Stockholm is as demonstrated in Table 4. One example of calculation is for Newspaper Paper Package where the kg/person is 96.4 and this times 829,417 equals 79,955,799 kg for a year. Table 4. Recycling Material Amount in Municipality of Stockholm 2009 Waste Type Waste Amount [kg] Waste Amount [ton] Newspaper Paper Package 79,955,799 79,956 Office Paper 10,450,654 10,451 Plastic 22,394,259 22,394 Glass 74,647,530 74,648 Metal Metal Package 18,081,291 18,081 E-waste 12,773,022 12,773 On basis of reports regarding cost benefit of waste recycling as well as statistics and some assumptions, economical market value for these recycling materials are calculated, see Table 5. Table 5 Value of Recovered Materials Waste Type $ per ton Newspaper Paper Pack 90  [1]   Office Paper 2571 Plastic 6501 Glass 751 Metal Metal Package 1,200  [2]   E-waste 1,890  [3]   The calculation of total benefits is a combination of waste amount value from Table 4 and $ per ton value from Table 5. This gives 79,956*90 + 10,451*257 + 22,394*650 + 74,648*75 + 18,081*1,200 + 12,773*1,890 = 7,196,040 + 2,685,907 + 14,566,100 + 5,598,600 + 21,697,200 + 24,140,970 = 75,884,817 USD. The average USD rate vs. SEK is 7.63  [4]  for 2009 and this gives a total benefits for recycling of 75,884,817 USD * 7.63 = 579,001,154 kr/year. Cost Benefit Analysis of Incineration vs. Recycling The total cost and benefits from calculations in the results chapter is illustrated in Table 6 below. It is clear that the financial profit from incineration is best compared to recycling in Stockholm municipality. The table also shows that the driver behind this result is the benefits generated by district heating from incineration. One important point to mention is that the total amount of waste for incineration is 235,432 ton/year and for recycling 140,918 ton/year. Table 6 Calculation of Cost and Benefits for Incineration and Recycling [kr/year] Incineration Recycling Benefits 1,344,330,373 579,001,154 Costs 525,469,640 202,377,748 Profit 818,860,733 [kr/year] 376,623,406 [kr/year] Extended Cost Benefit Analysis Environmental Impact from Incineration In spite of being an attractive technological option for waste management, incineration of MSW is the subject of debate around the world. Though incineration of MSW contribute to energy recovery through district heating and electricity, but in absence of efficient controls, pollutants may be discharged into air, land and water which may influence human health and environment. There are different ways of treating flue gases during the incineration process. Cyclones may be seen as an improved version of settling chamber. Their specific geometry increases particles speed as well as the probability they hit the cyclone walls. They can then fall down and being collected. Often used in parallel and it is then called multi-cyclones. Cyclones present several advantages as pre-treatment methods. Another alternative which can be combined with cyclone as pre-treatment is the use of electrostatic precipitator. These expensive pieces of equipment are able to handle high temperature and may be a good ally of cyclones because of their high cleaning efficiency including very small particles. The removal of gaseous compounds such as acidic gases or nitrites requires the use of additional reagent such as activated carbon or limestone. Their prominence is mainly due to their low investment cost and implementation flexibility. They can indeed deal with various flow character istics, including very wet and hot gases. Wet scrubbers are not without drawbacks (Persson, 2006). Environmental Impact from Recycling In general recycling is widely assumed to have a lower impact than producing new product from raw materials for all the waste items, see Table 7. Table 7. Impact of Recycling (Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2005) Material % of Household Waste Energy Emissions Raw Material Saved per Ton Recycled Paper 18 28-70% 95% less (air pollutants) Glass 7 18% less 30% less 1.2 Plastic 7 up to 66% less - 1.8 Cans (Fe) 3 70% less 86% less 2.0 Can (Al) 3 95% less 95% less 4.0 Based on Rebel recycling program between 2003 and 2008, it is possible to calculate the following positive impact on the global environment from recycling in Stockholm, see Table 8. Table 8. Positive Impact of Recycling in Stockholm (University of Nevada, 2008) 1 ton 140,918 ton/year Tree Saved 17 forty foot Douglas fir trees 2,395,606 forty foot Douglas fir trees Water Saved 7,000 gallons of water 9,86426 gallons of water Air Pollution Prevented 60 pounds of air pollutants 8,455,08 pounds of air pollutants Landfil

Benefits of Social Networking Sites Essay -- Argumentative, Twitter, Fa

Throughout life, men, women, and youth meet people. These people will either leave a negative or positive effect on us and some will only be in our lives for a short period of time. However, once we start to lose contact with them questions arise and we begin to wonder: What does he/she look like now? ; Where has he/she been? ; How has he/she been? ; Why did we stop talking to one another? ; or what would our relationship be like if I had kept in contact with him/her? Well there is no need to wonder anymore. Ever since the invention of social networking tools, such as, Facebook, MySpace, AIM, Blackberry Messenger (BBM), Twitter, and Formspring, millions of people have been able to instantly notify others concerning their whereabouts, meet/make new friends, reconnect with old friends, blog, play games, and upload videos and pictures. Social networking has become a part of our daily routine and is a trend that will only continue to evolve as we grow old. Before the release of the highly popularized social networking websites, such as, Facebook in 2004, similar forms of social networking tools were used. Brian McConnell, an internet user since 1988, stated that â€Å"he used various sites, known as CompuServe, and Prodigy (McConnell, 2008).† I did some research on the sites he listed and found out that CompuServe was the first online service available in the 1980s and played a major role in the foundation of user i.d’s, email services, picture transfers and etc. As time passed by the second online service became available. It was called Prodigy and allowed users to access a number of different networking sites. They ranged from news and weather services to bulletin boards, games, polls, banking and a variety of other features. Since t... .../ Boyd, Danah. (2007) â€Å"Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life.† MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Learning – Youth, Identity, and DigitalMedia Volume (ed. David Buckingham). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Facebook.com. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/profile.php?id=1226190648&ref=ts Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), article 11. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html McConnell, Brian. (2008). Social Networks from the 80s to the 00s. Retrieved February 17,2010, from http://gigaom.com/2008/01/20/social-networks-from-the-80s-to-the-00s/ Friendster.com. Retrieved February 15,2010, from http://www.friendster.com/