The Value of Information :: Technology Information Essays Papers

The Value of Information In the world today, information is an important aspect in almost every part of our life. From what time the movie we want to see begins to whether we should buy stock in Dell or IBM, we depend on accurate information. Is this kind of information a commodity? The dictionary defines a commodity as something valuable or useful (Webster 1993). Presently, information is a commodity because people are willing to pay high prices for information in order to make better decisions. In this paper, I will give many examples of how information acts as a commodity. I will also show how information acts as a commodity in other areas than just technology and business. The kind of information I will explore is the knowledge of a specific news or event derived from study, experience or instruction(Webster 1993). This type of information is not something everyone can have access to. This information can separate the successful companies from the one ¹s struggling to survive. This information is valuable, and can be bought, sold traded and even stolen. It can be the most important asset a company owns. One aspect where information acts as something valuable is in the area of sports. The National Football League is a billion dollar business. The careers of coaches, players and general managers can rest on one play or one game. To minimize mistakes or to find any advantage, teams spend millions of dollars to pay scouts to provide useful information. One part of putting together a winning team is doing well on draft day. Teams do a tremendous amount of research on every player who is eligible to be drafted. The NFL has its own private investigation firm. It is called NFL Security, and it is rarely seen or discussed. Its job is to compile information about every possible draftee. If players smoke marijuana at Saturday-night parties, it's probably in their files. If players stay in bars past 2 A.M., it's probably in their files (Sports Illustrated p.34). The purpose of NFL Security is to prevent a team from investing millions of dollars in a player who might have drug or other problems that could prevent a player from performing up to a certain standard. "For the amount of money involved here, the employers would like to know good hard facts about their potential players. Employers deserve that. And we're going to give it to them," says Mike Ahlerich, an employee at NFL Securities (Sports Illustrated p.

Old Folks Home Essay

Sharks are a group of fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, andpectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii) and are the sister group to the rays. However, the term â€Å"shark† has also been used for extinct members of the subclassElasmobranchii outside the Selachimorpha, such as Cladoselache and Xenacanthus. Under this broader definition, the earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Since then, sharks have diversified into over 470 species. They range in size from the small dwarf lanternshark(Etmopterus perryi), a deep sea species of only 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the largest fish in the world, which reaches approximately 12 metres (39 ft). Sharks are found in all seas and are common to depths of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). They generally do not live in freshwater although there are a few known exceptions, such as the bull shark and the river shark, which can survive in both seawater and freshwater.] They breathe through five to seven gill slits. Sharks have a covering of dermal denticles that protects their skin from damage and parasites in addition to improving their fluid dynamics. They have several sets of replaceable teeth. Well-known species such as the great white shark, tiger shark, blue shark, mako shark, and the hammerhead shark areapex predators—organisms at the top of their underwater food chain Tetraodontidae is a family of primarily marine and estuarine fish of the order Tetraodontiformes. The family includes many familiar species, which are variously called pufferfish, puffers, balloonfish, blowfish, bubblefish, globefish, swellfish,toadfish, toadies, honey toads, sugar toads, and sea squab.[1] They are morphologically similar to the closely relatedporcupinefish, which have large external spines (unlike the thinner, hidden spines of Tetraodontidae, which are only visible when the fish has puffed up). The scientific name refers to the four large teeth, fused into an upper and lower plate, which are used for crushing the shells of crustaceans and mollusks, their natural prey. Pufferfish are generally believed to be the second-most  poisonous vertebrates in the world, after the golden poison frog. Certain internal organs, such as liver, and sometimes the skin, contain tetrodotoxin and are highly toxic to most animals when eaten; nevertheless, the meat of some species is considered a delicacy in Japan (as æ ² ³Ã¨ ±Å¡, pronounced as fugu), Korea (as ë ³ µbok or ë ³ µÃ¬â€" ´ bogeo ), and China (as æ ² ³Ã¨ ±Å¡ hà ©tà ºn) when prepared by specifically trained chefs who know which part is safe to eat and in what quantity. The Tetraodontidae contain at least 120 species of puffers in 19 genera.[1] They are most diverse in the tropics, relatively uncommon in the temperate zone, and completely absent from cold waters. They are typically small to medium in size, although a few species can reach lengths of greater than 100 cm (39 in). The paradise fish, paradisefish, or paradise gourami, Macropodus opercularis, is a species of gourami found in most types of fresh water in East Asia, ranging from the Korean Peninsula to northern Vietnam. This species can reach a length of 6.7 cm (2.6 in), though most are only about 5.5 cm (2.2 in). Paradise gouramis were one of the first ornamental fish available to western aquarium keepers, having been imported toEurope as early as the 19th century. The paradise fish is one of the more aggressive members of its family. It is more aggressive than the three spot gourami, yet less pugnacious in nature than the less commonly kept combtail. Paradise fish are fairly combative, harassing and attacking each other, as well as potentially killing small fish. In the wild, they are predators, eating insects,invertebrates, and fish fry. The popularity of this species has waned in recent decades as much more colorful (and often less pugnacious) species of gouramishave become widely available to hobbyists. This species is one of the few fish that can change its color (lighter or darker) in response to stimuli. Eels are elongated fish, ranging in length from 5 cm (2.0 in) in the one-jawed eel (Monognathusahlstromi)[dubious – discuss] to 4 m (13 ft) in the slender giant moray.[2] Adults range in weight from 30 grams (1.1 oz) to well over 25 kilograms (55 lb). They possess no pelvic fins, and many species also lack pectoral fins. The dorsal and anal fins are fused with  the caudal or tail fin, forming a single ribbon running along much of the length of the animal. Most eels live in the shallow waters of the ocean and burrow into sand, mud, or amongst rocks. A majority of eel species are nocturnal, and thus are rarely seen. Sometimes they are seen living together in holes, or â€Å"eel pits†. Some species of eels also live in deeper water on the continental shelves and over the slopes deep as 4,000 m (13,000 ft). Only members of the Anguilla family regularly inhabit fresh water, but they too return to the sea to breed. Eels begin life as flat and transparent larvae, or leptocep hali. Eel larvae drift in the surface waters of the sea, feeding onmarine snow, small particles that float in the water. Eel larvae then metamorphose into glass eels and then becomeelvers before finally seeking out their juvenile and adult habitats. Freshwater elvers travel upstream and are forced to climb up obstructions, such as weirs, dam walls, and natural waterfalls. Lady Colin Campbell found, at Ballisodare, the eel fisheries were greatly improved by the hanging of loosely plaited grass ladders over barriers, enabling the elvers to ascend. The heaviest true eel is the European conger. The maximum size of this species has been reported as reaching a length of 3 m (10 ft) and a weight of 110 kg (240 lb). Other eels are longer but do not weigh as much, such as the slender giant moray which reaches 4 m (13 ft). The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), also known as million fish and rainbow fish,[1] is one of the world’s most widely distributed tropical fish, and one of the most popularfreshwater aquarium fish species. It is a member of the Poeciliidae family and, like all other members of the family, is live-bearing.[2] Guppies, whose natural range is in northeast South America, were introduced to many habitats and are now found all over the world. They are highly adaptable and thrive in many different environmental and ecological conditions.[3] Male guppies, which are smaller than females, have ornamental caudal and dorsal fins, while females are duller in colour. Wild guppies generally feed on a variety of food source including benthic algae and aquatic insectlarvae.[4] Guppies are used as a model organism in the field of ecology, evolution, and behavioural studies.[3] They are the most ferocious fish in the world. Even the most formidable fish, the sharks or the barracudas, usually attack things smaller than themselves. But the piranhas habitually attack things much larger than themselves. They will snap a finger off a hand incautiously trailed in the water; they mutilate swimmers—in every river town in Paraguay there are men who have been thus mutilated; they will rend and devour alive any wounded man or beast; for blood in the water excites them to madness. They will tear wounded wild fowl to pieces; and bite off the tails of big fish as they grow exhausted when fighting after being hooked. But the piranha is a short, deep-bodied fish, with a blunt face and a heavily undershot or projecting lower jaw which gapes widely. The razor-edged teeth are wedge-shaped like a shark’s, and the jaw muscles possess great power. The rabid, furious snaps drive the teeth through flesh and bone. The head with its short muzzle, staring malignant eyes, and gaping, cruelly armed jaws, is the embodiment of evil ferocity; and the actions of the fish exactly match its looks. I never witnessed an exhibition of such impotent, savage fury as was shown by the piranhas as they flapped on deck. When fresh from the water and thrown on the boards they uttered an extraordinary squealing sound. As they flapped about they bit with vicious eagerness at whatever presented itself. One of them flapped into a cloth and seized it with a bulldog grip. Another grasped one of its fellows; another snapped at a piece of wood, and left the teeth-marks deep therein. They are the pests of the waters, and it is necessary to be exceedingly cautious about either swimming or wading where they are found. If cattle are driven into, or of their own accord enter, the water, they are commonly not molested; but if by chance some unusually big or ferocious specimen of these fearsome fishes does bite an animal—taking off part of an ear, or perhaps of a teat from the udder of a cow—the blood brings up every member of the ravenous throng which is anywhere near, and unless the attacked animal can immediately make its escape from the water it is devoured alive.[28] A tuna is a saltwater finfish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a sub-grouping of the mackerel family (Scombridae) – which together with the tunas, also includes the bonitos, mackerels, and Spanish mackerels. Thunnini comprises fifteen species across five genera,[1] the sizes of which vary  greatly, ranging from the bullet tuna (max. length: 50 cm (1.6 ft), weight: 1.8 kg (4 lb)) up to theAtlantic bluefin tuna (max. length: 4.6 m (15 ft), weight: 684 kg (1,508 lb)). The bluefin averages 2 m (6.6 ft), and is believed to live for up to 50 years. Their circulatory and respiratory systems are unique among fish, enabling them to maintain a body temperature higher than the surrounding water. An active and agile predator, the tuna has a sleek, streamlined body, and is among the fastest-swimming pelagic fish – the yellowfin tuna, for example, is capable of speeds of up to 75 km/h (47 mph).[2] Found in warm seas, it is extensively fished commercially and is popular as a game fish. As a result of over-fishing, stocks of some tuna species, such as the Southern bluefin tuna, have been reduced dangerously close to the point of extinction.[3] The hammerhead sharks are a group of sharks in the family Sphyrnidae, so named for the unusual and distinctive structure of their heads, which are flattened and laterally extended into a â€Å"hammer† shape called a â€Å"cephalofoil†. Most hammerhead species are placed in the genus Sphyrna while the winghead sharkis placed in its own genus, Eusphyra. Many not necessarily mutually exclusive functions have been proposed for the cephalofoil, including sensory reception, maneuvering, and prey manipulation. Hammerheads are found worldwide in warmer waters along coastlines and continental shelves. Unlike most sharks, hammerheads usually swim in schools during the day, becoming solitary hunters at night. Some of these schools can be found near Malpelo Island in Colombia, Cocos Island off Costa Rica, and near Molokai Island in Hawaii. Large schools are also seen in southern and eastern Africa. Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the classAsteroidea. Common usage frequently finds these names being also applied toophiuroids, which are correctly referred to as â€Å"brittle stars† or â€Å"basket stars†. About 1,500 species of starfish occur on the seabed in all the world’s oceans, from the tropics to frigid polar waters. They are found from the intertidal zonedown to abyssal depths, 6,000 m (20,000 ft) below the surface. Starfish are marine invertebrates. They typically have a central disc and five arms, though some species have more than this. The aboral or upper surface may be smooth, granular or spiny, and is covered with overlapping plates. Many species are brightly coloured in various shades of red or orange, while others are blue, grey or brown. Starfish have tube feet operated by a hydraulic systemand a mouth at the centre of the oral or lower surface. They are opportunisticfeeders and are mostly predators on benthic invertebrates. Several species have specialized feeding behaviours including eversion of their stomachs andsuspension feeding. They have complex life cycles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Most can regenerate damaged parts or lost arms and they can shed arms as a means of defence. The Asteroidea occupy several significant ecological roles. Starfish, such as the ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus) and the reef sea star (Stichaster australis), have become widely known as examples of the keystone species concept in ecology. The tropicalcrown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) is a voracious predator of coralthroughout the Indo-Pacific region, and the northern Pacific sea star is considered to be one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species. The fossil record for starfish is ancient, dating back to the Ordovician around 450 million years ago, but it is rather poor, as starfish tend to disintegrate after death. Only the ossicles and spines of the animal are likely to be preserved, making remains hard to locate. With their appealing symmetrical shape, starfish have played a part in literature, legend, design and popular culture. They are sometimes collected as curios, used in design or as logos, and in some cultures, despite possible toxicity, they are eaten.

National Mexico States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 4010 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Did you like this example? National Security Affairs Country Brief, Mexico Abstract The purpose of this National Security Affairs paper is to provide you with a better understanding of Mexicos current state of affairs and how it impacts other nation states. These writings cover Mexicos strategies and operational factors and how these impact their Foreign Policy. This includes how Mexico has made concerted efforts to strengthen its economy and unemployment by being one of the worlds most open trade regimes, but still maintains its world non-intervention posture. With the ongoing presence of terrorism and insurgency in the world, The United States and its military is continuously exerting efforts to eliminate these issues with efforts by Mexico. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "National Mexico States" essay for you Create order Introduction Mexico, geographically speaking, is located in North America and is bordered on the east and west by the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean, respectively. Land borders exist in the north and south; the United States of America and Guatemala, also respectively. Mexico consists of 49,510 sq. km of water and 1,972,550 sq. km of land, totalling 1,972,550 sq. kms. This is slightly less than three times the size of the great state of Texas. National Purpose As with Mexicos size, its National Purpose is also a large task to manage. Since the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, Mexicos national purpose has been to: Increase international competitiveness Strengthen the economic condition /Reduce Poverty levels National Non-intervention Mexico plans to increase international competitiveness through free trade with other nations to reduce the dependency on the US. Reducing crime and drug trafficking will provide strength in the economic condition. Finally, expanding Mexicos trade agreements into Europe and Latin America is a crucial target, but still maintaining their national non-intervention is essential. These were challenges faced by former President Fox and the newly elected president, President Caldern. Mexico has no major adversary or minor adversary. US influence and impact on Mexicos National Purpose is fundamental to US interests. US relations with Mexico have a direct impact on lives and livelihoods of millions of Americans. (*USDofS) This is observed through Mexicos free trade, economic reform, homeland security, drug control, migration or democracy. (*USDofS) Ideology Practices Mexicos governmental function is based on a federal republic. The government power is broken into three separate branches; the independent, executive and the judicial. This government was established from the Mexican Constitution in 1917. The president holds the head of state and the head of government, which this vested power allows the executive branch to be the dominant branch in Mexico. Congress delegates power to the president to execute decree in certain economic and financial areas. The president also executes the laws of Congress. Unlike the United States, the Mexican president is elected to a six-year term and cannot hold a second term. In addition there is no vice president to back the current president and Congress will step in to handle matters if necessary. The second branch executed in Mexico is the legislative authority consisting of the Bicameral National Congress, also known as the Congreso de la Union. The Union consists of 128 seats, 96 are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms and 32 are allocated by each partys popular vote. (*Country Watch) The other half of the Legislative branch consists of the Federal Chamber of Deputies, which the 500 seats allocated, serves a three-year term. The final branch, or judiciary, is divided into state and federal court systems. There is no trial by jury, but rather by judge. Public defenders are available and defendants also have the right to counsel. The Senate approves the Supreme Court of Justice (Suprema Corta de Justica Nacional) that is appointed by the president. Mexico has no major adversary or minor adversary. US influence and impact focus is on the establishing a democratic, free-market regime in Cuba or other nation states. (*Country Watch) The US and Mexico agree on these goals, but the tactics are unsettled. National and conflicts of interests Mexico has little involvement outside of its boundaries with regards to defence actions. Mexicos military consists of close to 500,000 strong with population eligibility of 2.1 million. After September 11, 2001 Mexico declared full support to the United States. Border controls and increased security were enforced to prevent potential terrorism. Even though Mexico pledged full support, the country provided no troop support and the public believes that the United States War on Terrorism was not their concern. (*Country Watch) This reaction is a prime result of Mexicos desire to maintain its sovereignty. This agreement, very possibly, could create conflict between the US and Mexico. Mexicos economic wellbeing is focused on the reduction of the poverty level and the increase of wages. With Mexico being the 4th largest oil producer in the world, Mexicos recovery is due to the strong export sector. Mexicos Gross National Product (GNP) grew 3% in 2005 and continues to grow. Countries have built assembly plants in northern Mexico to accommodate the automotive industry in the United States and Canada. NAFTA is the primary factor for the increase in the overall economy in Mexico. The world order element is seen in the efforts of the Mexican government to establish relationships with multiple countries regarding trade agreements. Mexico participates in several international organizations such as United Nations Security Council (UNSC), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC), European Union and the founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Ironically Mexico declined membership to Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Conflicts with Venezuela on forcing free trade agreements have continued and resolution has still not been met. The other major interest on the world order issue is the efforts between the US and Mexico on controlling and coordinating the reduction of narcotics and illicit drugs into the United States. Currently Mexico faces no major adversaries. The US could be considered a minor adversary due to the amount of trade and economic support provided to Mexico. If that trade would dissipate the economy would fold. US influence and impact is seen in their efforts that the US, Canada and Mexico have joined agreements on creating a free trade alliance. Mexico relies on the 86% imports from the United States. NAFTA has created that flexibility, assisting in improving Mexicos economy. National Power Mexico focuses on six elements of National Power, which are geographic, demographic, political, military, economical and national will. National power for Mexico, since the decline of the Peso in 1993, has had to focus greater efforts on the economic element to re-establish the economy. The first of the six elements, geography, is very diverse. The climate ranges from tropical to desert. That climate fosters various terrains consisting of high rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus and desert. The average rainfall is 762mm/30in and the average temperature in January and July is 13.3 degrees C and 16.7 degrees C, respectively. These geographic conditions assist in producing the natural resources of petroleum, silver, copper, gold, timber and many others. These resources are eventually exported. The geographic element of Mexico, also possess threats of tsunamis along the pacific coast, volcanoes, massive earthquakes and hurricanes on the pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. The demographics of Mexico, for 2006, consist of a population of roughly 107,000,000. This population is estimated to have a 1.16% growth rate in 2006. This increase is partly to due to Mexicos reputation of undocumented immigrants to the United States. As a result, Immigration form Central America into Mexico is similar to the immigration from Mexico into the United States. The population of Mexico consists of three major ethnic groups. The groups are 60% Mestizo, 30% Indigenous, 9% European descent and 1 % other. (*World Fact Book) Mexico is the home to the second largest Argentine population outside of Argentina. Mexico is also an excellent place for retirees and is considered to have the largest population of US citizens outside of US territory. This is a direct result of the growing economy and business interdependence caused by NAFTA agreements. The political area of Mexico consists of several parties. They are the Convergence for Democracy, Institutional Revolutionary Party, Mexican Green Ecological Party, National Action Party, Party of Democratic Revolution, and Workers Party. Most recently the election of 2006 between Felipe Calderon (PAN) and Andres Manual Lopez Obrador (PRD) resulted in less than one percent margin of victory. Even with Calceron winning, Obrador did not observe Calderon as President and contested the election at first. Even with the change of leadership, the Mexican population continues to focus on two things: reducing poverty and increasing jobs in Mexico. The Mexican Military consists of the Secretariat of National Defence and Secretariat of the Navy. The National Defence element consists of the Army and Mexican Air Force followed by the Navy consisting of the Naval Air and Marines. Individuals at the age of 18 must serve a 12-month obligation. Mexicos military currently has 192,770 active soldiers and 300,000 reserves. The economic element for Mexico has improved since the 1994-1995 crises. NAFTA has tripled the trading volume with Canada and the US. Mexico has entered the trillion dollar GNP class economically for being a free market economy. In addition, Mexico has 12 trade agreements with over 40 countries including Guatemala, European Free Trade Areas and Japan. (*Wikipedia) 85% of the trade is still being conducted with the United States, but allowing 90% free trade agreements will reduce the dependency on the US. The automotive industry has improved economic stability by being located next to the world largest automobile market. Companies like Volkswagen have located assembly plants in Northern Mexico to accommodate that market. In addition Mexico is the fourth largest oil producer in the world. Currently Mexico has no major adversary. Mexicos minor adversary could be considered the US if illegal immigration from Central America through Mexico into the United States continues. US influence and impact involves the US and Mexican governments continuous negotiation for temporary workers. Mexico insists on regularization of immigration status of Mexicans already in the US. The US recently deployed US soldiers to provide border patrols greater assistance in the illegal border crossings. Threats Mexico is confronted with several threats, internally and externally, that are always a continuous battle. Mexico is confronted with continuous disagreements amongst is neighbours on the issue of illegal immigration with the decline of the Peso in 1993. Mexicos population is searching elsewhere for jobs and a better standard of living. The biggest threat with this external issue is with the United States and Mexican Government and the illegal border crossings. The internal threats that face Mexico are terrorism, insurgencies and crime. Currently, Mexico doesnt face a direct impact of terrorist attacks on any known Mexican targets. In 1993, three Mexican citizens and six Spanish nationals were taken into custody for allegedly being affiliated with a Spanish terrorist organization, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA). The suspects were found laundering money and forging documents to support their cause in the ETA. Mexico has interaction with all twelve of the international conventions and protocols pertaining to the subject of terrorism. (*Country Watch) Related to terrorism, Insurgencies are a constant threat. Mexicos present poverty level and the very indigenous population have brought to life the increase in violence. The Mexican government was faced with an insurgency uprising by a rebel group from the southern Mexican state of Chiapas. The fighting only lasted twelve days when the government and the militants negotiated a cease-fire. Even with minor clashes appearing in Chiapas, this agreement stayed in effect until 2004. Former President Vincente Fox made the promise to continue to improve the conditions of Chiapas and reduce the confrontations. The final internal threat for Mexico is crime. One of the most notable enterprises in Mexico is narcotic trafficking. Narcotic trafficking, through Mexico, constitutes for about 70% of all cocaine that enters the United States. Mexico is the primary conduit from South America to the United States. Mexico also cultivates large sums of poppy, cannabis and distributes the drug called ecstasy. As a result of the drug production and distribution, crime has plagued Mexico. Unfortunately, money laundering, armed robbery and theft are on the rise. The government is focusing most of its concern on the larger metropolitan areas, such as Mexico City, Tijuana, and Nuevo Laredo. A major adversary for Mexico is considered Afghanistan as a result of Mexico being used as a conduit to the United States regarding insurgency. Increased efforts on border entry support have been enforced to reduce these acts of terrorism. Mexicos minor adversary is South America. South America continues to traffic illicit drugs into the country and eventually into the United States. US influence and impact has a strong partnership with Mexico to combat terrorism and the illegal drug trafficking. Demand reduction, narcotic interdiction and eradication continue with the cooperation of US and Mexican efforts. Domestic Factors Mexico continues its efforts to battle poverty, improve the educational system and strengthening their military. As a result they focus on four main Domestic factors. These factors are also highly agreed upon by the Mexican public. These Domestic factors are; protecting the interests of Mexicans living abroad, the promoting of Mexican exports, stopping the flow of illegal drugs into the United States, and combating terrorism or the opposition of war. As a result of wide spread poverty levels with in Mexico, remittance of external incomes provide a main source of income for many Mexican families living in Mexico. By supporting a strong emphasis of Mexican exports, it will subside the increase the Mexican poverty levels and cease the increase in the unemployment rates. Reducing or stopping the flow of illegal drugs into the United States will assist in the reduction of violence within Mexico and reduce the overall crime rate. The majority of Mexicans believe that the responsibility of stopping drug trafficking lies heavily on the United States. Finally, the effort to combat terrorism is highly supported by the Mexican population. A large percentage of the Mexican population is willing to allow the United States to assist or participate in the guarding of Mexican borders, ports and airports. Consequently, Mexico wishes to sustain its continued practice of non-involvement or its strong protection of their national sovereignty. (*CIDE 06) This is definitely a contradiction of practices and beliefs. Mexico has no major or minor adversaries. The US influence is primarily focused on how involved Mexican government is willing to allow. Commitments With the US security shield from the north, Mexico is encompassed with a safe and stable environment with no immediate security threat. As a result of these factors Mexico does not possess the typical military or force protection aspects involved with general commitments. These obligations of providing resources to other nation states are very limited or absent. Mexicos non-intervention philosophy reinforces this practice. This doesnt mean that Mexico is not excused from other potential commitments. As a result of Mexicos big brother, the United States, providing such protection and over-watch, Mexico has responded to world anti-terrorism effort and US disaster relief. The US expects the Mexican government to provide sanctions and controls to limit and defend against terrorist using Mexico as a conduit to the United States. These efforts are observed by allowing US agents to collaborate with government authorities by helping to secure Mexican borders, seaports and air terminals. (*CIDE 06) Mexico has also provided support to the US by establishing blood banks and aid hot lines for victims of terrorist attacks and bombings. In addition to anti-terrorism efforts, Mexico also must continue the efforts to manage the 2000-mile common border. Due to the close proximity of Mexico to the US and the noticeable difference in quality of life, it is no wonder why for many generations Mexicans have illegally crossed the border. They come to the US to achieve the American dream. Mexico is making concerted efforts to provide assets and border patrols to minimize and eliminate illegal immigration into the United States. Mexican government officials are also enforcing the proper process to achieve valid Visas for work purposes or residency. The Mexican government has attacked this problem on its side by sending in military and federal police forces to take temporary control over security, and to purge and revamp local police forces in areas where the violence is acute. (*USDofS) Mexico has taken its own measures to cease the flow of illegal immigrants on its southern border, which are people clearly headed to the United States. In 2005, Mexico deported approximately 235,000 people who had crossed its own border illegally. (*USDofS) The Government of Mexico has tightened its visa regime to require that nationals from countries that were sending large numbers of illegal immigrants apply for visas before entering the country. (USDofS) Currently Mexico has no major or minor adversaries relating to its commitments. Military Strategy Due to the size and population of Mexico, it could very well be a regional power. Since the end of World War II, Mexico has faced a safe, stable and benign regional environment with no immediate security threats. (*CIDE 04) As a result Mexico has not developed its military strength and has not sought to be in a leading role in the world. The biggest impact is the lack of military leadership, combat, and decision-making training. Mexico also lacks the technologically advanced equipment to be in a leading role. The major reason for this is the financial support necessary from governmental negotiations. Mexican governmental officials have stressed the importance of military strength, but the Foreign Policy emphasizes internal strength rather than external. Mexico has basically separated itself from world affairs and has chosen how and when to involve themselves militarily. Mexico has no major or minor adversaries regarding its military strategy. International Strategy Since the end of the reign of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 2000, Mexicos leadership has turned its international focus in a slightly different direction. Mexico has emphasized its international strategies on its increase trade flow with European markets, strengthening its NAFTA networks, and continues its efforts of non-intervention. Mexican leaders feel that there is too much economic dependence on the US. Mexico wishes to reach out to the European and Latin American markets to strengthen its economy. Mexican leaders believe that expanding trade efforts with Europe and Latin America will emphasize Mexicos radical transformation as being a more open and internationally oriented economy. (*Foreign Policy Assoc.) Even though this is an uncharacteristic aggressive measure, this philosophy is necessary to prevent Mexico from being left out of the global race. This effort will strengthen one of its unanswered Foreign Policies. A second International strategy is the expansion of the NAFTA agreements. The NAFTA agreement primarily focuses trade agreements with the US, Canada and Mexico. Mexico believes that extending this agreement to other nations will assist in the flow back in foreign investments, jobs and potentially a stronger nation for Mexico. Former President Fox stated that this is a necessary step regardless whether we like it or not, whether or not it suits our interests. (*Foreign Policy Assoc.) Former President Fox spent months traveling to Europe and Latin American to build stronger relations with those nations. Finally, Mexico traditionally has sought to maintain its interests abroad and project its influence largely through moral persuasion and has championed the principles of non-intervention and self-determination. (*Conservipedia) Mexican leadership believes that staying out of other nation state domestic issues has worked well in the past and is highly influential of the Mexican public. Mexico has no real major or minor adversaries impacting its international strategies. Foreign Policy As a result of profound government leadership changes in past decades, Mexicos foreign policy is under current revision. (*Global View 04) Mexico faces dilemmas regarding their Foreign policy. These dilemmas are categorized into; deepening or renegotiating NAFTA, the degree of foreign policy activism, strengthening relations with the north verses the south, and a non-intervention principle. As a result Mexicos policy is torn between its principles and its interests. Not only is the uncertainty present in the political leadership, but the Mexican public is also indecisive. Mexican leaders must ask the question, will seeking a closer relationship with the US strengthen the economic partnership into a strategic alliance or will it result in the loss of its identity and sovereignty? Mexicans have an increasingly positive view of NAFTA and most believe that being the United States neighbour is advantageous. But, leaders believe that self-reliance could start with the involvement with its allies to the South. Finally, the continued focus of non-intervent is a value highly protected. Mexican leaders believe, based on the United States Military dominance, that deepening relations with the United States will open up Mexico to break that prominent practice. Currently Mexico has no major or minor adversaries. Mexicos foreign policy revolves around the primary factor of geographical positioning. It lies on the shoulders of Mexican politicians based on whether or not Mexico will or should take advantage of their next door neighbour and seek special relation and strategic alliances. National Security affairs Mexico currently has no immediate threat by a foreign power. There are affairs that have or could result in US military involvement. The main affair facing Mexico is illegal immigration, drug trafficking and trade agreements with Cuba. Increasing numbers of illegal immigrants have crossed the borders of the US and this consists of approximately 8% of the Mexican population. In late 2005 and early 2006, the United States deployed National Guard soldiers to patrol the 2000 mile border of Mexico. This effort was to assist in the reduction of illegal immigration and provide needed assistance for the US border patrol. Drug trafficking is on the decline since the 1997 BI-national alliance called the U.S. Mexico BI-national Drug strategy. This alliance was agreed upon by the US and Mexican governments to interdict on drug shipments and extradition of drug traffickers. Still, 70% of the cocaine entering the US is crossing over from Mexico. Finally, Mexico has expanded its trading focus with 12 trade agreements with over 40 countries including Guatemala, European Free Trade Areas and Japan. The trade agreements are on rough terms between the US and Mexico. They have agreed on the ultimate goal of establishing a democratic, free-market regime in Cuba, but disagree on the tactics on reaching that goal. (*Country Watch) A major adversary would be Afghanistan and a minor adversary, would be South America. US influence and impact would also impact the reduction of drug trafficking. Conclusion Since 1994, Mexicos common National Purpose has been to increase international competitiveness, strengthen the economic condition (reduce poverty levels) and national non-intervention. Since the end of the end of the reign of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 2000, Mexicos leadership has redirected its international focus in a slightly different direction. Mexico has emphasized its international strategies on the increased trade flow with European markets, strengthen its NAFTA networks, and continue its efforts of non-intervention. Growth and improvements have occurred year after year with the help of former President Fox. Mexicos new president, President Caldern is expected to continue with the foreign policy started during former President Foxs term. This policy is known as the Castaeda Doctrine, thus allowing the abandonment of the Estrada Doctrine. (*Wikipidia 2006) Factors that have assisted Mexico in its economic strength is that it has no real major adversaries to mention and the only a few minor adversaries. Continuous efforts are made between US, Europe and The Latin Americas to support Mexicos Strategies of economic growth, advanced trade capabilities and ultimately continued nation sovereignty. References Central Intelligence Agency, various authors. CIA The World Factbook. Mexico. 15 Aug, 2006. https://www.cis.gov/publications/factbook/print/mx.html CIDE COMEX. Mexico and the world 2006. Public opinions and Foreign Policy in Mexico. 30 Jan, 2008. https://www.ccfr.org CIDE COMEX. Global Views 2004. Foreign Policy. 15 Aug, 2006. https://www.ccfr.org/globalviews2004/sub/mex.htm Denise Youngblood Coleman. Country Watch. Mexico, 2006 Country Review. 15 Aug, 2006. https://www.contrywatch.com/cw_counrty.aspx?vcountry Pearson Education, Inc. Infoplease. Mexico. 28 Jan, 2008 https://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107779.html Public Communication Division. US Department of State. Background Note: Mexico. 5 Aug, 2007. https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749.htm Unknown Author. Foreign Policy Association: Mexico. Mexico, Recently In Focus. 10 Oct, 2006. https://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2498/newsletter Various Contributors. Conservipedia. Mexico. 17 Sept 2007. https://www.conservipedia.com/mexico Various Authors. Wikipedia. Mexico. 15 Aug. 2006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico

Qualitative Research Review of the Use of Patient...

Problem and Purpose Powell-Laney clearly identified the purpose of the study along with identifying the reason for the study. According to Powell-Laney (2010) there is a lack of evidence to support the use of simulation technology to teach clinical decision-making in nursing students thus Powell-Laney designed a study to ascertain whether the use of simulation technology in nursing education can increase the clinical decision making ability of nursing students (p. 6). Furthermore, Powell-Laney (2010) states that simulation technology is expensive and labor intensive thus adding to the need for current research to be done on the effectiveness of simulation technology in nursing education. Review of the Literature Simulation technology is†¦show more content†¦44). Powell-Laney (2010) was also an instructor at one of the state’s practical nursing program but she did not allow that school to participate in the study further removing possible bias from the study (p. 45). The sample size was 133 students from four different schools and of five different nursing classes (Powell-Laney, 2010). I think that the sample size is sufficient for the purpose of this study. Using different school in this study and using participants that were in different classes also adds strength to this study (LoBiondo-Wood, 2014). Research Methodology Powell-Laney’s research methodology is explained well and has a clear list of operational definitions to help with understanding of the research methodology. A strength of Powell-Laney’s study is that she compared her study formation and data measurement techniques to those of studies that were done previously. Powell-Laney (2010) explained that it was advocated to use pre and posttests whenever sample groups can be randomly selected into two groups and each group could be given a different treatment (p. 37). Powell-Laney used the pre and posttest method so that participant’s scores could be compared to themselves. 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Essay about The Downfall of Oedipus - 550 Words

Oedipus Rex by Sophocles is regarded as a very highly studied Greek play. Even though it was written almost 2500 years ago, it is still widely studied by both students and scholars alike. Oedipus Rex has passed the test of time, because people today can still relate to the themes and feelings experienced by Oedipus in the play. One of the main themes is the downfall of Oedipus and what the cause of this downfall is. The main plot of Oedipus was well known to the Ancient Greeks before it was even written by Sophocles. When Oedipus was born, King Laius and Queen Jocasta received a prophecy about their son (Oedipus Rex 49). It was claimed that Oedipus would kill his father and marry his mother. To try to prevent this prophecy they gave†¦show more content†¦This man runs him off the road and Oedipus is outraged. As a result, Oedipus kills this unknown man and continues on his way. He arrives in Thebes where he is welcomed as a hero for destroying the Sphinx who was killin g travelers on the road. He learns the news that the king of Thebes has recently been killed by a band of thieves. He marries the Queen and raises a family of two sons and two daughters, until fifteen years later, a plague infects the city. As the King of the country the people of Thebes look to Oedipus to fix this terrible plague that is troubling them and their families (Oedipus Rex 52). Oedipus has no idea what is causing this outbreak. He goes to Creon to try to figure out why this plague is occurring and how to stop it. Creon comes with bad news, stating that there is murderer in their presence and they must banish him from the city to bring an end from this horrible epidemic (Oedipus Rex 56). Oedipus goes on a rampage trying to find the murderer and banish him and avenge Laius death. Ill fight for him, Ill leave no means untried, to catch the one who did it with his hand... (Oedipus Rex, Ln. 270-271, page 1081) He feels such a strong urge to find the truth, and ironical ly the truth leads to his downfall. Oedipus’ great pride gives him confidence that he will find the murderer and once again be the hero of Thebes. Oedipus’ hubris and confidence ultimately leads to his downfall. For example, he believesShow MoreRelatedOedipus Rex And The Downfall Of Oedipus951 Words   |  4 Pageseventual downfall. This concept could be directly related to the story Oedipus Rex. Aristotle once said something to the effect that the tragic hero falls into bad fortune because of some flaw in his character. Essentially, he is telling us those characters, like Oedipus, have flaws that, under normal circumstances, would be a beneficial characteristic. However in this case, his character caused his demise. The defining characteristics of pride and determination can be attributed to the downfall of OedipusRead MoreOedipus Downfall Essay example774 Words   |  4 PagesPrompt: In a well-developed essay, consider whether hubris, fate or both are the use of Oedipus’ downfall. Use evidence from the text to support your support. Hubris is defined as excessive pride or self-confidence, while fate is defined as the supposed force, principle, or power that predetermines events. Ancient Greeks believed in Hubris, or pride. Pride may have been seen as good or bad. Many people that exhibit pride may come off as being proud of their achievements or lives; however, prideRead MoreThe Downfall Of Sophocles Oedipus The King815 Words   |  4 Pages The Downfall of Oedipus In Sophocles Oedipus the King, the topics of fate and free will are exceptionally solid all through the play and. Both focuses could be contended to extraordinary impact. In old Greece, fate was thought to be a simple piece of everyday life. Each part of life depended and was based upon fate. It is nature conviction to accept that humankind does in reality have Free will and every individual can choose the result of his or her life. All Oedipus actions areRead MoreOedipus The King, Oedipus Downfall And Lack Of Divine Attributes1461 Words   |  6 PagesIn Sophocles Oedipus the King, Oedipus’ downfall was a result of the sin of hubris, as he believed that he obtained attributes of divinity, which blinded him from the truth. PURPOSE STATEMENT Through evaluation and analysis of literary criticisms on Oedipus the King, it is shown that the reason for Oedipus’ downfall was his hubris and lack of divine attributes. INTRODUCTION Oedipus assumed he acquired the divine attributes making him further from the truth and nearer to his downfall. He thoughtRead MoreThe Tragic Downfall Of Oedipus The King By Sophocles924 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature, characters often have flaws that lead to a tragic downfall. One of these tragic flaws is hubris, which is defined as â€Å"exaggerated pride or self-confidence† (Merriam-Webster). This trait is most commonly found in characters who come to power and allow themselves to be consumed by their newfound hierarchy. The play Oedipus the King by Sophocles embodies the trait and displays it in different ways throughout the story. Oedipus is a victim of hubris as seen when he disregards the prophecyRead MoreComparing the Downfalls of Sophocles Oedipus and Shakespeares Othello1262 Words   |  6 Pages Oedipus and Othello were both honorable and heroic men that became the victims of tragic downfalls that can be compared and contrasted with each other. Sophocles, the writer of Oedipus the King, and Williams Shakespeare, the writer of Othello, were both enormously influential playwrights of their respective generations and their legacy continues today. The two playwrights made their masterpieces during different eras; Sophocles life coincided with the Golden Age of Greek tragedy and ShakespeareRead MoreWho Is Responsible for the Downfall of Oedipus Fate or Free Will?1639 Words   |  7 PagesIS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWNFALL OF OEDIPUS, IS IT FATE OR FREE WILL? In Oedipus the King by Sophocles, Oedipus is responsible for the tragedy of his downfall. Oedipus is presented with a series of choices throughout the play, and his arrogant and stubborn nature push him to impulsively make the wrong decisions, the decisions that ultimately lead him to his downfall. While Oedipus and those around him consider fate the source of Oedipus problems, Oedipus decisions show the audienceRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero987 Words   |  4 Pagesgreek tragedies, Oedipus the King had a tragic hero whose downfall was the result of a tragic flaw. Oedipus, like other greek characters, did not see his errors until his reign was coming to an end. Oedipus, the man who saved Thebes did not understand that every good thing must come to an end. A tragic hero defined by Aristotle has five characteristics that lead to their downfall and their understanding of why the situation happened. Oedipus is the ideal tragic hero because his downfall followe d theRead MoreA Comparative of Shakespeares Othello and Oedipus Rex1511 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Othello and Oedipus Rex In Shakespeare’s work Othello: The Moor of Venice, Othello’s over trusting nature was revealed when his trust in false accusations about his wife Desdemona’s unfaithfulness causes him to kill her and himself, conveying Othello as a tragic hero. Oedipus, the main character in Oedipus Rex, is characterized as a tragic hero when he tries to run away from his fate and finds out that the cause of his fate was his attempt to escape it. Oedipus Rex and Othello share aRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1156 Words   |  5 Pagessee the main dimensions of the two figures. I preferred to work with the book by Sophocles Oedipus, the king, in order to portray the attributes of a tragic hero. The book contains adequate information concerning the attributes of a tragic hero and the manner in which the book brings it out is exquisite. The strengths of my essay are that I was able to perfectly portray the dimensions of a tragic hero. Oedipus being the protagonist of th e play plays a keys role in the exemplification of the tragic

Benefits of Art Education Free Essays

Steps to Art Early Childhood Arts Education Initiative Fact Sheet About the Benefits of Arts Education for Children Benefits of Arts Education Source: Americans for the Arts, 2002 * Stimulates and develops the imagination and critical thinking, and refines cognitive and creative skills. * Has a tremendous impact on the developmental growth of every child and has proven to help level the â€Å"learning field† across socio-economic boundaries. * Strengthens problem-solving and critical-thinking skills, adding to overall academic achievement and school success. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Art Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Develops a sense of craftsmanship, quality task performance, and goal-setting—skills needed to succeed in the classroom and beyond. * Teaches children life skills such as developing an informed perception; articulating a vision; learning to solve problems and make decisions; building self-confidence and self-discipline; developing the ability to imagine what might be; and accepting responsibility to complete tasks from start to finish. * Nurtures important values, including team-building skills; respecting alternative viewpoints; and appreciating and being aware of different cultures and traditions. Source:  Young Children and the Arts: Making Creative Connections, 1998, Introduction * Plays a central role in cognitive, motor, language, and social-emotional development. * Motivates and engages children in learning, stimulates memory, facilitates understanding, enhances symbolic communication, promotes relationships, and provides an avenue for building competence. * Provides a natural source of learning. Child development specialists note that play is the business of young children; play is the way children promote and enhance their development. The arts are a most natural vehicle for play. The Need in Preschools Source: Americans for the Arts, 2002 * Preschool care and education, except for certain low-income programs, is considered a private service and receives little or no federal funding. * While the importance of early childhood arts education has received greater attention in recent years, the majority of funding and programming is directed to grades K–12, with preschools being largely underserved. * Arts education should not be considered a frill, but a necessity. Since preschools are not part of the public school system, funding sources vary greatly. When budgets are tight, arts programs, teachers, and supplies are often cut first. * More than four million children attend preschool programs nationwide. Source: Arts Education Partnership,  Children’s Learning the Arts: Birth to Age Eight * Preschool-age children are primed for learning and greatly accepting of most art forms. * Compelling evidence exists that early arts experience has an impact on all aspects of a child’s learning and development and that, in many ways, â€Å"earlier is better. * Early childhood thus presents both a unique opportunity and a unique challenge; a part of that challenge is to engage and support all who care for and educate young children in making the arts an integrated and vital part of their earliest experiences. * We know that â€Å"art,† understood as spontaneous creative play, is what young children naturally do—singing, dancin g, drawing, and role-playing. We also know that the arts engage all the senses and involve a variety of modalities including the kinesthetic, auditory, and visual. When caregivers engage and encourage children in arts activities on a regular basis from early in life, they are laying the foundation for—and even helping wire children’s brains for—successful learning. Adults Agree on Importance of Arts Education Source: Americans for the Arts national public opinion survey, January 2001 * Ninety-one percent of respondents believe the arts are vital to a well-rounded education. * Ninety-five percent of respondents believe the arts teach intangibles such as creativity, self-expression, and individualism. Seventy-six percent of respondents somewhat or strongly agree that arts education is important enough to get personally involved. However, just thirty-five percent of those who are closely involved in the life of a child have done so. * Sixty-seven percent say they do not know how to get involved. * Eighty-nine percent of respondents believe that arts education is important enough that schools should find the money to ensure inc lusion in the curriculum. * Ninety-six percent agree the arts belong to everyone, not just the fortunate or privileged. The Social and Academic Impact of Arts Education Source: Eisner, E. W. ,  Ten Lessons the Arts Teach, (January 1998) * Art is defined as something aesthetic to the senses. A â€Å"work of art† is both an activity and a result; it is a noun and a verb. â€Å"One of the great aims of education is to make it possible for people to be engaged in the process of creating themselves. Artists and scientists are alike in this respect. † * Arts curricula is typically process-driven and relationship based, so its impact on academic performance is often underestimated and undervalued. The arts provide a logical counterbalance to the trend of standardized testing and should not be marginalized just because the curriculum is more difficult to measure. * The emphasis and time given to a particular school subject sends a message to students about how important that subject is in life. * Arts programs, especially those including trained professionals, can help draw students out of â€Å"formal† ways of approaching relationships, outcomes, and perceptions. The arts can play a crucial role in improving students’ abilities to learn, because they draw on a range of intelligences and learning styles, not just the linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences upon which most schools are based. (Eloquent Evidence: Arts at the Core of Learning,  President’s Committee on the Arts and Humanities, talking about Howard Gardener’s  Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 1995) The Physical and Sensory Impact of Arts Education A student making music exp eriences the â€Å"simultaneous engagement of senses, muscles, and intellect. Brain scans taken during musical performances show that virtually the entire cerebral cortex is active while musicians are playing. † (Learning and the Arts: Crossing Boundaries, 2000, p. 14) â€Å"Dramatic play, rhyming games, and songs are some of the language-rich activities that build pre-reading skills. † (Young Children and the Arts: Making Creative Connection, 1998, p. 1) â€Å"Preschoolers who were given music keyboard lessons improved their spatial-temporal reasoning†¦used for understanding relationships between objects such as calculating a proportion or playing chess. † (Education Leadership, November, 1998, p. 8) â€Å"Creative activity is also a source of joy and wonder, while it bids its students to touch, taste, hear, and see the world. Children are powerfully affected by storytelling, music, dance, and the visual arts. They often construct their understanding of the world around musical games, imaginative dramas and drawing. † (Hamblen, Karen A. ,  Theories and Research That Support Art Instruction for Instrumental Outcomes, 1993) â€Å"Regular, frequent instruction in drama and sign language created higher scores in language development for Head Start students than for a control group. (Young Children and the Arts: Making Creative Connections,  1998, p. 1) â€Å"Listening to music for just an hour a day changes brain organization†¦EEG results showed greater brain coherence and more time spent in the alpha state. † (Malyarenko, et al. , 1996) Art Experiences that Promote Preschool Learning Source:  Young Children and the Arts: Making Creative Connections, 1998, pp. 11–12 * Dance helps build motor control, body relationships, and a sense of direction. Drawing, sculpting, and other visual arts develop spatial acuity. * Group activities, such as learning dance steps or singing songs, build social skills. * As children describe people and things in their world using pictures, body movements, and mime, they enhance their descriptive, nonverbal, cognitive capabilities. * Repeating stories, poems, and songs strengthens memory. * The art supplies children choose for their work reflects their approach to process and outcomes. How to cite Benefits of Art Education, Essay examples

Corporate Philanthropy Business Charity Purpose

Question: Describe about the Corporate Philanthropy for Business Charity Purpose. Answer: Introduction Fruitful philanthropy nowadays is not about issuing checks for charity purposes; it is continuously becoming a method used by most institutions to communicate with investors, measure their interests, and fulfill their expectations. Corporate philanthropy refers to the generous donations of proceeds given by corporations to non-profit organizations. Corporate philanthropy is continuously evolving, yet the evolution of this exercise has remained constant for more than a decade, and still the concerns of the society regarding corporate involvement on social issues are related to those dated as far back as the 1800s (Edwards, 2015). In the dawn of the 19th and early 20th century, the courts in the US maintained verdicts against company giving cash away. With time, however, this activity gained reception and was legitimized through the law court. The most common corporate philanthropy known to many may be the direct funding of charity events. However, the modern corporate philanthropy landscape has evolved and includes a wide variation of types of giving,' not only cash contributions but also other means of product donations, knowledge and employee volunteering. While some may argue that philanthropy may cost the business, it may also provide some benefits to the organization, employees and the community. Understanding the meaning of corporate philanthropy may help the company substantiate the expenditures to the investors and upper administration. Much of the writings on morals and corporate philanthropy campaign for corporate donating by refuting arguments that the exercise is unethical (Ehrlich, 2013). The nuclear dispute regarding corporate giving is that profit is put back into the business or go to the shareholders. Business is obliged to be economically viable. Early philanthropy by corporates was the owners giving away their money, not those of the company. Nevertheless, donations by corporate started growing in the late 1800s; companies started funding learning institutions and local services like hospitals and churches. Development in the dawn of the 19th century led to societal hitches, and economic challenges were providing a setting for corporate involvement, Courts during this time began to rule favoring companies that were donating to areas that would, directly and indirectly, profit the business and its workers. Critics in the early years of corporate donation highlighted that rather than compassionate behavior, companies aimed at fixing problems they had caused (Edwards, 2015). That is, the economic challenges and social issues that the corporations brought. Similar accusations befall organizations involved in donations today. Suspect reasons including an attempt to cover unethical financial connections, environmental issues, and other manipulative business practices. Many scholars have explored corporates inspiration and consumer insights towards corporate philanthropy. The problem is also common in trade publications and the press. It seems to be a regular topic in the journals such as the Journal of Business Ethics. The arguments mostly are that corporations should act responsibly, and shareholders and the community should hold them answerable for their activities from their daily business to their philanthropic endeavors (Haynes, et al., 2012). However, the question begs what measure of accountability is to be employed. Normally, the pyramid of corporates societal duty is the foundation by which investigators measure companys activities. The most important functions of a business are maintaining economic viability, obeying the laws that regulate the business and being aware of principled practices outside legal devotion, to act conferring to the peoples expectations (Harvey Brest, 2013). For example, being fair to employees, being environmentally sensitive and competing fairly. The managers of today must be able to balance a mixed drive model bringing together all the three into a tactical pattern satisfactory to the public (Harvey Brest, 2013). Corporate philanthropy is on the decline nowadays; the reasons are not difficult to understand. Directors see themselves in a no-win situation; they find themselves in the middle between critics who are challenging multiple levels of philanthropy and the stakeholders persistently pressuring the managers for short duration profits. Giving extra does not satisfy critics, the more corporates donate, the more community anticipates from them. Executive hence find it difficult to justify open-handed expenses regarding bottom line benefits (Brooks Dunn, 2012). This predicament has led to companies being tactical in their philanthropy (Harvey Brest, 2013), though being philanthropic does not guarantee success for the business, nowadays it is not strategic. Increasingly, corporate philanthropy is a form of public relations and marketing purposes, meant to endorse the corporate brand and image through cause-related promotion or other high profile funding. While these activities deliver much-needed aid to worthy causes, they anticipate to escalate company reflectivity and increase employee drive so as to create societal impact (Shaw et al., 2013). Companies with successful strategic philanthropic efforts follow four plans, they set quantifiable goals, define their involvement, set established principles that guide in decision-making and communicate their activities to the stakeholders. For instance, instead of a company just marketing their participation in societal issues, they also report their charitable efforts as part of CSR report unified into the enterprises activities, while pursuing two-way communication with the investors, engaging them in corporate outreach programs (Harvey Brest, 2013). This stress on the business leadership involvement in driving corporate philanthropy decision-making rather than a department is an indicator that some business stakeholders embrace the awareness of corporate citizenship as an all-inclusive entity. Research suggests that corporate citizen has grown and is projected to integrate its responsible communal behavior, service its economic importance and the interest of the society in whi ch it functions. The way corporate philanthropy is in practice today proves that many businesses engaging in this activity are unfocused and diffuse. Many comprise of small cash contributions to aid local civic programs or to provide general support to learning institutions and national charities, all in the expectation of generating goodwill. Rather than being aligned with clear business objectives (Velasquez, 2012), these funds mirror the personal beliefs and values of executives and workforces. It seems that a majority of charity choices made by corporations would be better made by people giving their money. Cisco is one of the companies using context focused philanthropy to attain both societal and economic gain. Through the Cisco Networking Academy, they have come up with an ambitious educational program in which they train computer network administrators, hence easing a possible limit on its growth while providing jobs to high school alumni (Ehrlich, 2013). By concentrating on social issues affecting its business setting, and by making use of its particular qualities, Cisco demonstrates the unrealized hidden potential of corporate philanthropy. Taking this course, however, necessitates major deviations in the way corporations style their contribution agendas. There are numerous channels of corporate philanthropy; the most prominent are the matching gift programs and the volunteer grants. Matching Gift Programs Commonly referred to as free cash for non-profits. These are generous giving plans set up by companies in which the business matches givings made by workers to eligible non-profit institutions. The categories of events depend on what the corporation's policies are. Matching gift plan is considered to be corporate philanthropy because the monetary contribution to nonprofit institutions is projected to help assist a mission that once solved, would better civilization (Haynes, et al., 2012). Volunteer Grant Programs These differ in that the corporations involved do not contribute cash directly to a nonprofit entity, but they encourage volunteering of their workforce in populations where they reside and work. In this way, corporations provide donations to organizations where workers volunteer on a regular basis (Grace Cohen, 2013). They achieve it in two ways; a firm donates cash per hour to an organization where employees volunteers and secondly, a corporation sets the threshold that once a member volunteers for a particular period, the company is to provide its donation to that non-profit. Volunteer donations like matching gifts is a corporate philanthropy (Edwards, 2015). An example of a company that has taken corporate philanthropy to another level is the Apple Corporation. Apple matches gifts up to $10,000 in a year made by full-time employees, and the company has 80,000 workers. Through its charity programs, Apple has contributed more than $78 million through the matching gift plan. Apple volunteer grant ensures that for an hour that its employee volunteers; the firm donates $25 to that nonprofit organization (Velasquez, 2012). Corporations are encouraged to participate in complete community responsibility, to go beyond customary philanthropy to participatory partnerships that shape commercial and social capital for viable business (Ferrell et al., 2015). Economically viable corporations identify those values and concentrate resources on building and supporting the institution's viability via a common market and capability alignment approach to financial giving (Shaw et al., 2013). The range of activities for these firms include traditional philanthropy, but the emphasis is on events that take the lead of corporate expertise, build on brands or expand corporate values. In the years ensuing pivotal corporate moral breaches, corporations rally to institute core values and social practices, communicating their role in the society in a manner equivalent to those used by personalities. The development of the corporate character through court rulings and accepted commitment in social matters point to the culture allowing the business voice to be part of the societys resolution making. Thus, until changes in legal and satisfactory practices ensue giving corporations less authority, accepting the present status of the corporate being is vital for its participation in the society. References Boatright, JR 2012, Ethics and the conduct of business, 7th ed, Pearson Education, New York. Brede son, D 2012, applied business ethics, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Brooks, LJ Dunn, P 2012, Business and professional ethics for directors, executives an accountant, 6th ed, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. 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